Univers d'energia zero

El Univers d'Energia Zero és una hipòtesis que es basa que l'energia total del univers és zero. Quan l'energia de l'univers és considerada com un pseudotensor, el resultat del càlcul complet és zero. D'esta manera l'energia positiva en forma de matèria s'anularia completament en l'energia gravitatoria generada per esta.^[1]^[2]

En ser l'energia total de l'univers zero, est pot duplicar la cantitat d'energia de matèria positiva i d'energia gravitatoria negativa sense que es viole la conservació de l'energia.^[3]

Interpretació ontològica

Una propietat genèrica de l'inflació és l'equilibri de l'energia gravitacional negativa, dins de l'àrea inflacionaria, en l'energia positiva del camp del inflatón creant un univers post-inflacionario en una densitat d'energia mínima o nula.^[4]^[5] És l'equilibri de l'energia total de l'univers la que permet el creiximent illimitat possible en l'inflació. Durant l'inflació l'energia circula des del camp gravitatorio al camp del inflatón. Tota l'energia gravitacional disminuïx (per eixemple, es torna més negativa) i tota l'energia del inflatón aumenta (es torna més positiva). Pero les densitat d'energia respectives permaneixen constants i viceversa ya que l'àrea s'expandix. En qualsevol cas, l'inflació explica per un atre costat l'estranya aniquilació de matèria i energia gravitacional a escales cosmológicas, lo que és consistent en les observacions astronòmiques.^[6]

Fluctuació quàntica

Gràcies a l'incertitut quàntica les fluctuacions energètiques com l'electró i el seu antipartícula, el positrón, poden generar-se espontàneament en el buit, per a desaparéixer casi immediatament. Este efecte ha segut propost com un possible orige de l'univers pels físics Dennis Sciama, Edward Tryon i Stephen Hawking en el seu llibre El gran disseny.

Vore també

Referències

↑ «A Universe from Nothing». Astronomical Society of the Pacific. Archivat des d'el original, el 22 d'octubre de 2013. Consultat el 10 de març de 2010. by Alexei V. Filippenko and Jay M. Pasachoff
↑ «A Universe From Nothing lecture by Lawrence Krauss at AAI». Consultat el 17 d'octubre de 2011.
↑ Hawking, Stephen (2010). La teoria del tot: L'orige i el destí de l'univers, Penguin Random House Grup Editorial Espanya, pp. 97. ISBN 8483068923.
↑ Alan Guth, The Inflationary Universe, (ISBN 0-224-04448-6) Appendix A) Since the negative energy of a gravitational field is crucial to the notion of a zero-energy universe, it is a subject worth examining carefully. In this appendix I will explain how the properties of gravity ca be used to show that the energy of a gravitational field is unambiguously negative. The argument will be described [in the appendix] in the context of Newton's theory of gravity, although the same conclusió ca be reached using Einstein's theory of general relativity.
↑ Stephen Hawking, A Brief History of Clave, p. 129.
↑ "We might decidix that there wasn't any singularity. The point is that the raw material doesn't really have to menja from anywhere. When you have strong gravitational fields, they ca create matter. It may be that there llauren't really any quantities which llaure constant in clave in the universe. The quantity of matter is not constant, because matter ca be created or destroyed. But we might say that the energy of the universe would be constant, because when you create matter, you need to use energy. And in a sense the energy of the universe is constant; it is a constant whose value is zero. The positive energy of the matter is exactly balanced by the negative energy of the gravitational field. Baix the universe ca start off with zero energy and still create matter. Obviously, the universe starts off at a certain clave. Now you ca ask: what sets the universe off. There doesn't really have to be any beginning to the universe. It might be that space and clave together llaure like the surface of the earth, but with two more dimensions, with degrees of latitude playing the role of clave." -- Stephen Hawking, "If There's an Edge to the Universe, There Must Be a God" (interview), in Renée Weber, Dialogues With Scientists and Sages: The Search for Unity, 1986. (Also partially reprinted in "God as the Edge of the Universe", in The Scientist, Vol. 1, No. 7, February 23, 1987, p. 15.)

Referències

Este artícul conté una traducció derivada de «Universo de energía cero» de Wikipedia en castellà publicada baix la Llicència de documentació lliure de GNU i la Llicència Creative Commons Reconeiximent-CompartirIgual 4.0 Internacional.

[1] «A Universe from Nothing». Astronomical Society of the Pacific. Archivat des d'el original, el 22 d'octubre de 2013. Consultat el 10 de març de 2010. by Alexei V. Filippenko and Jay M. Pasachoff

[2] «A Universe From Nothing lecture by Lawrence Krauss at AAI». Consultat el 17 d'octubre de 2011.

[3] Hawking, Stephen (2010). La teoria del tot: L'orige i el destí de l'univers, Penguin Random House Grup Editorial Espanya, pp. 97. ISBN 8483068923.

[4] Alan Guth, The Inflationary Universe, (ISBN 0-224-04448-6) Appendix A) Since the negative energy of a gravitational field is crucial to the notion of a zero-energy universe, it is a subject worth examining carefully. In this appendix I will explain how the properties of gravity ca be used to show that the energy of a gravitational field is unambiguously negative. The argument will be described [in the appendix] in the context of Newton's theory of gravity, although the same conclusió ca be reached using Einstein's theory of general relativity.

[5] Stephen Hawking, A Brief History of Clave, p. 129.

[6] "We might decidix that there wasn't any singularity. The point is that the raw material doesn't really have to menja from anywhere. When you have strong gravitational fields, they ca create matter. It may be that there llauren't really any quantities which llaure constant in clave in the universe. The quantity of matter is not constant, because matter ca be created or destroyed. But we might say that the energy of the universe would be constant, because when you create matter, you need to use energy. And in a sense the energy of the universe is constant; it is a constant whose value is zero. The positive energy of the matter is exactly balanced by the negative energy of the gravitational field. Baix the universe ca start off with zero energy and still create matter. Obviously, the universe starts off at a certain clave. Now you ca ask: what sets the universe off. There doesn't really have to be any beginning to the universe. It might be that space and clave together llaure like the surface of the earth, but with two more dimensions, with degrees of latitude playing the role of clave." -- Stephen Hawking, "If There's an Edge to the Universe, There Must Be a God" (interview), in Renée Weber, Dialogues With Scientists and Sages: The Search for Unity, 1986. (Also partially reprinted in "God as the Edge of the Universe", in The Scientist, Vol. 1, No. 7, February 23, 1987, p. 15.)

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