Dinophysis
Dinophysis és un dinoflagelado de costes i aigües oceàniques que inclou més de 200 espècies. Quan proliferen poden formar les cridades marees roges. Vàries espècies són causants de produir àcit okadaico, toxina causant de l'intoxicació diarreica per moluscs (DSP) en humans i que afecta l'indústria de la clòchina.[1] Poden ser heterótrofos o mixótrofos, i solament els mixótrofos presenten este tipo de toxicitat.
Cleptoplastia
Els mixótrofos adquirixen la fotosíntesis per captura dels plasts de microalgas que depredan (cleptoplastia). Els plasts són temporals puix no s'integren a la maquinària celular. En diferents casos s'han trobat plasts d'orige criptòfit i haptófito, ademés de cianobacterias ectosimbiontes.[2]
L'adquisició del metabolisme fotosintético pot donar-se per cleptoplastia secundària, és dir, per mig del seqüestre dels plasts d'un atre cromista que prèviament haja seqüestrat els plasts de certes microalgas, com coloquialment es diria: lladre que furta lladre, tal com succeïx per eixemple en Dinophysis acuminata i atres Dinophysis, que depredan al ciliat cleptoplàstic Myrionecta rubra, que a la seua volta captura microalgas criptofíceas del gènero Teleaulax en la finalitat d'apoderar-se dels seus plasts.[3]
Taxonomia
D'acort en el Registre Mundial d'Espècies Marines, inclou les següents espècies:[4]
- Dinophysis acuminata Claparède & Lachmann, 1859
- Dinophysis acuta Ehrenberg, 1839
- Dinophysis acutissima Gaarder, 1954
- Dinophysis aggregata Weber-van Bosse
- Dinophysis alata I.G.Jørgensen
- Dinophysis allieri P.Gourret
- Dinophysis amandula (Balech) Sournia, 1973
- Dinophysis amphora Balech, 1971
- Dinophysis amygdala O.W.Paulsen
- Dinophysis anabilis Abé, 1967
- Dinophysis antarctica Balech, 1957
- Dinophysis antarcticum Balech
- Dinophysis apicata (Kofoid & Skogsberg) Abé
- Dinophysis apicatum (C.A.Kofoid & T.Skogsberg) T.H.Abé
- Dinophysis apiculata Meunier, 1910
- Dinophysis arctica Mereschkowsky, 1879
- Dinophysis argus (Stein) Abé
- Dinophysis armata I.Daday
- Dinophysis atlantica Ehrenberg
- Dinophysis balechii D.R.Norris & L.D.Berner, 1970
- Dinophysis baltica (Paulsen) Kofoid & Skogsberg
- Dinophysis bibulba Balech, 1971
- Dinophysis biceps Schiller
- Dinophysis bihastata V.Hensen
- Dinophysis bipartita (C.A.Kofoid & T.Skogsberg) Balech
- Dinophysis bipes V.Hensen
- Dinophysis boehmii O.W.Paulsen
- Dinophysis braarudi (O.Nordli) balechii
- Dinophysis braarudii (O.Nordli) Balech, 1967
- Dinophysis capitulata Balech, 1967
- Dinophysis carinata N.Peters
- Dinophysis carpentariae Wood, 1963
- Dinophysis cassubica J.Woloszynska
- Dinophysis caudata Saville-Kent, 1881
- Dinophysis collaris Kofoid & Michener, 1911
- Dinophysis complanata (K.R.Gaarder) Balech
- Dinophysis conjuncta D.Parra-Toriz, K.Esqueda-Lara & D.O.Hernández-Becerril, 2013
- Dinophysis contracta (Kofoid & Skogsberg) Balech, 1967
- Dinophysis cornuta (N.Peters) Balech, 1967
- Dinophysis crassior Paulsen, 1949
- Dinophysis cuneiformis L.A.Mangin
- Dinophysis cuneiformis A.F.Meunier
- Dinophysis curvata Schiller, 1933
- Dinophysis cyrtoptera Balech, 1978
- Dinophysis dens Pavillard, 1915
- Dinophysis dentata Schiller, 1928
- Dinophysis doryphorides (P.A.Dangeard) Balech
- Dinophysis dubia Balech, 1978
- Dinophysis ellipsoidea L.A.Mangin
- Dinophysis elongata (Jörgensen) Abé
- Dinophysis equalantii Balech, 1971
- Dinophysis exigua Kofoid & Skogsberg, 1928
- Dinophysis expulsa Kofoid & Michener, 1911
- Dinophysis fava (C.A.Kofoid & J.R.Michener) Balech
- Dinophysis fimbriata (C.A.Kofoid & J.R.Michener) Balech
- Dinophysis fortii Pavillard, 1924
- Dinophysis fortunata Sournia, 1973
- Dinophysis gaarderae Sournia, 1973
- Dinophysis galea C.-H.-G.Pouchet
- Dinophysis gigantea (Kofoid & Michener) Balech
- Dinophysis granii Paulsen, 1949
- Dinophysis granulata Cleve
- Dinophysis groenlandica (Schiller) Balech
- Dinophysis hasleae Balech, 1973
- Dinophysis hastata Stein, 1883
- Dinophysis hyalina Wood, 1963
- Dinophysis inaequalis P.Gourret
- Dinophysis indica V.Srinivasan
- Dinophysis infundibulum J. Schiller, 1928
- Dinophysis intermija Cleve, 1900
- Dinophysis irregulare (Lebour) Balech
- Dinophysis irregularis (Lebour) Balech, 1967
- Dinophysis islandica Paulsen, 1949
- Dinophysis jibbonensis (I.J.F.Wood) Balech
- Dinophysis joergersenii Kofoid & Skogsberg, 1928
- Dinophysis kofoidii I.H.Jörgensen
- Dinophysis lachmanni O.W.Paulsen
- Dinophysis lacrima (Gaarder) Balech, 1967
- Dinophysis laevis Claparède & Lachmann, 1859
- Dinophysis lapidistrigiliformis Abé, 1967
- Dinophysis llanda (Gaarder) Balech, 1967
- Dinophysis laticincta Balech, 1979
- Dinophysis lativelata (C.A.Kofoid & T.Skogsberg) Balech
- Dinophysis lens (Kofoid & Skogsberg) Balech
- Dinophysis levanderi J.Woloszynska
- Dinophysis limbata (Kofoid & Michener) Balech
- Dinophysis lindemanni J.Schiller
- Dinophysis longialata Gran & Braarud, 1935
- Dinophysis longi-alata H.H.Gran & T.Braarud, 1935
- Dinophysis meteori A.Böhm
- Dinophysis meteorii Böhm, 1933
- Dinophysis meunieri Schiller, 1928
- Dinophysis michaelis Ehrenberg
- Dinophysis micheneri Sournia, 1973
- Dinophysis micropleura Balech, 1971
- Dinophysis micropterygia P.Dangeard, 1927
- Dinophysis microstrigiliformis Abé, 1967
- Dinophysis mills Cleve, 1900
- Dinophysis minuta (Cleve) Balech
- Dinophysis mitroides Sournia, 1973
- Dinophysis modesta (Böhm) Balech, 1967
- Dinophysis monacantha Kofoid & Skogsberg, 1928
- Dinophysis moncantha C.A.Kofoid & T.Skogsberg
- Dinophysis moresbyensis Wood, 1963
- Dinophysis mucronata (Kofoid & Skogsberg) Sournia, 1973
- Dinophysis nastum (F.Stein) M.Parke & P.S.Dixon
- Dinophysis nasuta (Stein) Parke & Dixon, 1968
- Dinophysis neolenticula Sournia, 1973
- Dinophysis nias Karsten, 1907
- Dinophysis norvegica Claparède & Lachmann, 1859
- Dinophysis odiosa (Pavillard) Tai & Skogsberg, 1934
- Dinophysis okamurae Kofoid & Skogsberg, 1928
- Dinophysis operculata (Stein) Balech, 1967
- Dinophysis operculoides (Schütt) Balech, 1967
- Dinophysis opposita Wood, 1963
- Dinophysis ovata Claparéde & Lachmann, 1859
- Dinophysis oviformis Chen & Ni, 1988
- Dinophysis ovum (F.Schütt) T.H.Abé
- Dinophysis pacifica Wood, 1963
- Dinophysis paralata Sournia, 1973
- Dinophysis parva Schiller, 1928
- Dinophysis parvula (Schütt) Balech, 1967
- Dinophysis paulseni (Schiller) Balech
- Dinophysis pavillardi J.L.B.Schröder
- Dinophysis pedunculata
- Dinophysis pellucidum Levring
- Dinophysis perforata Sournia, 1973
- Dinophysis phalacromoides (I.H.Jörgensen) F.Gómez, P.Lopez-Garcia & D.Moreira, 2011
- Dinophysis planiceps (Schiller) Balech, 1967
- Dinophysis pluripes V.Hensen
- Dinophysis porodictyum (Stein) Abé
- Dinophysis porodictyum (F.Stein) Balech
- Dinophysis porosa (C.A.Kofoid & J.R.Michener) Balech
- Dinophysis porosa V.Hensen
- Dinophysis protuberans (C.A.Kofoid & T.Skogsberg) Balech
- Dinophysis pugiuncula (Jørgensen) Balech
- Dinophysis pulchella (Lebour) Balech, 1967
- Dinophysis pulchra (Kofoid & Michener) Balech
- Dinophysis punctata Jörgensen, 1923
- Dinophysis pusilla Jørgensen, 1923
- Dinophysis pyriformis (C.A.Kofoid & T.Skogsberg) Balech
- Dinophysis recurva Kofoid & Skogsberg, 1928
- Dinophysis repte Sournia, 1973
- Dinophysis reticulata Gaarder, 1954
- Dinophysis richardi (J.Pavillard) Balech
- Dinophysis richardii (Pavillard) Balech, 1967
- Dinophysis robusta Gran & Braarud, 1935
- Dinophysis rotundiformis L.-S.Tai & T.Skogsberg
- Dinophysis rudgei Murray & Whitting, 1899
- Dinophysis rudgei (G.Murray & F.G.Whitting) T.H.Abé
- Dinophysis rugosa Kofoid & Michener, 1911
- Dinophysis ruudi (T.Braarud) Balech
- Dinophysis ruudii (Braarud) Balech, 1967
- Dinophysis sacculus Stein, 1883
- Dinophysis scabra Sournia, 1973
- Dinophysis schilleri Sournia, 1973
- Dinophysis schroederi Pavillard, 1909
- Dinophysis schuettii Murray & Whitting, 1899
- Dinophysis semen Meunier, 1910
- Dinophysis semicarinata
- Dinophysis siankanensis Almazán & Hernández-Becerril, 2002
- Dinophysis similis Kofoid & Skogsberg, 1928
- Dinophysis simplex Böhm, 1933
- Dinophysis skagi O.W.Paulsen
- Dinophysis sourniai Balech, 1978
- Dinophysis sphaerica Stein, 1883
- Dinophysis sphaeroidea V.Hensen
- Dinophysis sphaeroidea (J.Schiller) Balech
- Dinophysis spinata (N.Peters) Balech, 1967
- Dinophysis spinosa Rampi, 1950
- Dinophysis striata (Schutt) Abe
- Dinophysis subcircularis Paulsen, 1949
- Dinophysis swezyae Kofoid & Skogsberg, 1928
- Dinophysis symmetrica (Gaarder) Balech, 1967
- Dinophysis taii Balech
- Dinophysis tailisunii Chen & Ni, 1988
- Dinophysis taylorii Hernandez-Becerril, 1992
- Dinophysis tenuivelata Balech, 1973
- Dinophysis thompsonii (I.J.F.Wood) Balech, 1967
- Dinophysis trapezium Kofoid & Skogsberg, 1928
- Dinophysis triacantha Kofoid, 1907
- Dinophysis triangulare (I.J.F.Wood) Balech
- Dinophysis tripes V.Hensen
- Dinophysis tripos Gourret, 1883
- Dinophysis truncata Cleve, 1901
- Dinophysis tuberculata Mangin, 1926
- Dinophysis turbinea (Kofoid & Michener) Balech, 1967
- Dinophysis umbosa Schiller, 1928
- Dinophysis uracantha Stein, 1883
- Dinophysis uracanthoides (Jorgensen) F.Gomez, P.Lopez-Garcia & D.Moreira, 2011
- Dinophysis urceola Kofoid & Skogsberg, 1928
- Dinophysis vasta (F.Schütt) Balech
- Dinophysis vastiformis (L.-S.Tai & T.Skogsberg) Balech
- Dinophysis ventricosa (J.Pavillard) P.A.Dangeard
- Dinophysis ventricosa Claparède & Lachmann
- Dinophysis vermiculata C.-H.-G.Pouchet
- Dinophysis vertex Meunier, 1910
- Dinophysis whiteleggei (Wood) Balech, 1967
Referències
- ↑ Takeshi Yasumoto; Yasukatsu Oshima; Wataru Sugawara; Yasuwo Fukuyo; Hajime Oguri; Teruo Igarashi; Noritaka Fujita (1980). "Identification of Dinophysis fortii as the causative organism of diarrhetic shellfish poisoning". Bulletin of the Japanese Society for the Science of Fish. 46 (11): 1405–1411. doi:10.2331/suisan.46.1405.
- ↑ Dajun Qiu et al 2011, Nuclear, Mitochondrial and Plastid Gene Phylogenies of Dinophysis mills (Dinophyceae): Evidence of Variable Types of Chloroplasts. PLoS One. 2011; 6(12): i29398. doi: 10.1371/journal.posa.0029398 PMCID: PMC3248434
- ↑ Goh Nishitani et al. 2010, High-Level Congruence of Myrionecta rubra Prey and Dinophysis Species Plastid Identities as Revealed by Genetic Analyses of Isolates from Japanese Coastal Waters. Appl Environ Microbiol. 2010 May; 76(9): 2791–2798. doi: 10.1128/AEM.02566-09 PMCID: PMC2863437
- ↑ Plantilla:WoRMS species
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