Sankhara
Saṅkhāra (pali; सङ्खार; sánscrito: संस्कार o saṃskāra ) és un terme que ocupa un lloc destacat en el budisme. La paraula significa formacions[1]o "lo que ha segut juntat" i "lo que junta".
En el primer sentit (passiu), saṅkhāra es referix als fenomens condicionats en general, pero específicament a totes les "disposicions" mentals.[2] Estes es denominen "formacions volitives" perque es formen com a resultat de la volición i perque són causes del sorgiment d'accions volitives futures.[3] Les traduccions a l'anglés de saṅkhāra en el primer sentit de la paraula inclouen "coses condicionades",[4] "determinacions", "fabricació" [5] i "formacions" (particularment quan es referix a processos mentals, formacions volitives).[6]
En el segon sentit (actiu) de la paraula, saṅkhāra es referix al karma (sankhara-khandha) que conduïx al sorgiment condicionat, a l'orige depenent.[7][8]
Segons l'escola Vijnanavada,[9] existixen 51 samskaras o factors mentals.[10]
Traduccions a l'anglés del terme Sankhara
- Activitats (Ajahn Sucitto)
- Concoctions (Santikaro)[11]
- Condicions
- Factors condicionants
- Coses condicionades[12]
- Construccions (similar a l'idea del construccionisme social)
- Determinacions [13]
- Fabricació[5]
- Formacions (Bhikkhu Bodhi)[14]
- Formacions kármicas[15]
- Construccions mentals
- Construccions mentals (Bhante S. Dhammika)
- Preparacions (Katukurunde Nanananda Thera)[16]
- Activitats volitives[17]
- Disposicions volitives[18]
- Formacions volitives Bhikkhu Bodhi
Vore també
- Klesa
- Factors mentals (budisme)
- Paticca-samuppada
- Samskara – Concepte hindú
- Skandha
Referències
- ↑ Thich Nhat Hahn (2015). The Heart of Buddha's Teaching, New York: Harmony, pp. 73–74.
- ↑ David Kalupahana, "A History of Buddhist Philosophy." University of Hawaii Press, 1992, page 71.
- ↑ "The word saṅkhatam is explained in various ways. But in short it means something that is made up, prepared, or concocted by way of intention." Katukurunde Ñāṇānanda, in "The Mind Stilled: 33 Lectures on Nibbāna," p. 42, online at http://www.seeingthroughthenet.net.
- ↑ See Piyadassi (1999). This is also suggested, for instance, by Bodhi (2000), p. 46, who in writing about one sense of saṅkhāra states: 'In the widest sense, saṅkhāra comprises all conditioned things, everything arisen from a combination of conditions.'
- ↑ 5,0 5,1 See, for instance, Thanissaro (1997b).
- ↑ See the estendre discussion at Bodhi (2000), pp. 44-47. Other translations considered by but ultimately rejected by Bodhi include 'constructions' (p. 45) and 'activities' (p. 45, especially to highlight the kammic aspect of saṅkhāra).
- ↑ William S Waldron (2003). The Buddhist Unconscious: The Alaya-vijñana in the Context of Indian Buddhist Thought, Routledge, pp. 102–112. ISBN 978-1-134-42886-1.
- ↑ See, for instance, Bodhi (2000), p. 45:
- ↑ Thich Nhat Hahn (2015). The Heart of Buddha's Teaching, New York: Harmony, pp. 73–74.
- ↑ «51 Mental Formations». Plum Village. Consultat el 2019-06-30.
- ↑ «Interview with Leigh Brasington, May 2004».
- ↑ See Piyadassi (1999). This is also suggested, for instance, by Bodhi (2000), p. 46, who in writing about one sense of saṅkhāra states: "In the widest sense, saṅkhāra comprises all conditioned things, everything arisen from a combination of conditions."
- ↑ According to Nanavira Thera 'the word sankhāra, in all contexts, means 'something that something else depends on', that is to say a determination (determinant).' (Notes on Dhamma: Sankhāra)
- ↑ See the estendre discussion at Bodhi (2000), pp. 44-47. Other translations considered by but ultimately rejected by Bodhi include "constructions" (p. 45) and "activities" (p. 45, especially to highlight the karmic aspect of saṅkhāra.
- ↑ Milinda's questions, I. B. Horner (trans.), London: Luzac.
- ↑ Ñāṇānanda, Katukurunde, 1988-1991, The Mind Stilled: 33 Lectures on Nibbāna, online at http://www.seeingthroughthenet.net. Bhikkhu Ñāṇānanda also notes, "in the ancient Indian society, one of the primary senses of the word saṅkhāra was the make-up done by actors and actresses" (http://www.seeingthroughthenet.net/files/eng/books/ms/nibbana_the_mind_stilled_I.pdf [1] archivat en Wayback Machine., p. 109).
- ↑ Gethin, p. 136
- ↑ Radhakrishnan and Moore (1957), p. 272.
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