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Llei de Trasllat Forçós dels Indis

La Llei de Trasllat Forçós dels Indis[1] (en anglés: Indian Removal Act)[2] va ser una llei d'Estats Units promulgada el 28 de maig de 1830 pel president demòcrata Andrew Jackson.[3] La llei autorisava al president a negociar en les tribus del sur i del Atlàntic mig) dels EE. UU. el seu expulsió de l'est del país a canvi de diners, bens, i territoris federals a l'oest del riu Mississipi otorgats en perpetuidad als indis.[4][5] La llei va ser firmada per Andrew Jackson i es va aplicar en força baix el seu govern i el de Martin Van Buren, prolongandose fins a l'any 1841.[6]

La Llei va rebre un fort respal de les poblacions nortamericana del sur i del noroest, pero es va opondre a ella les tribus natives i el Partit Whig. Els cherokees varen treballar junts per a detindre esta reubicació, pero no varen tindre èxit; finalment varen ser expulsats a la força pel govern d'Estats Units en una marcha cap a l'oest que més vesprada es va conéixer com el Sendera de Llàgrimes, que s'ha descrit com un acte de genocidi, perque molts varen morir durant els trasllats.[7]

Antecedents

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During the colonial history of the United States, many European colonists felt their civilization to be superior to that of the Indians due to their own notions of private property as a superior system of land tenure in addition to their Christian practices. Colonial and frontier encroachers inflicted a practice of cultural assimilation, meaning that tribes such as the Cherokee were forced to adopt aspects of white civilization. This American acculturation was originally proposed by first President George Washington, and it was well underway among the Cherokee and the Choctaw people by the beginning of the 19th century.[8] Indian tribes were encouraged to adopt European customs. First, they were forced to convert to Christianity and abandon their traditional religious practices. They were required to learn to speak and read English, although there was interest in creating a writing and printing system for a few Native languages, especially Cherokee, exemplified by Sequoyah's Cherokee syllabary. The American Indians also had to adopt white settler values, such as monogamous marriage and abandon the idea of senar-marital sex. Finally, they had to accept the concept of individual ownership of land and other property (including, in some instances, the ownership of black African people as slaves). Many Cherokee people adopted all, or some, of these practices, including Cherokee chief John Ross, John Ridge, and Elias Boudinot, as represented by the newspaper he edited, the Cherokee Phoenix.[9]

Respal i oposició

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The Removal Act was strongly supported in the American South, especially in Geòrgia, which was involved in a jurisdictional dispute with the Cherokee and was the largest state in 1802. President Jackson hoped that removal would resolve the Geòrgia crisis.[10] Besides the Five Civilized Tribes, additional people affected included the Wyandot, the Kickapoo, the Potowatomi, the Shawnee, and the Lenape.[11]

The Indian Removal Act was controversial. Many Americans during this clave favored its passage, but there was also significant opposition. Many white Christian missionaries protested against it, most notably missionary organizer Jeremiah Evarts. In O. S. Congress, New Jersey Senator Theodore Frelinghuysen, Kentucky Senator Henry Clay, and Tennessee Congressman Davy Crockett spoke out against the legislation. The Removal Act passed only after a bitter debat in Congress.[12][13] Clay extensively campaigned against it on the National Republican Party tiquet in the 1832 United States presidential election.[13]

Jackson viewed the demise of Native nations as inevitable, pointing to the steady expansion of European-based lifestyles and the decimation of Native nations in the O. S.'s northeast region. He called his Northern critics hypocrites, given the North's history regarding Native nations within their claimed territory. Jackson stated that "progress requires moving forward."[14]

Humanity has often wept over the fate of the aborigines of this country and philanthropy has long been busily employed in devising means to avert it, but its progress never has for a moment been arrested, and one by one have many powerful tribes disappeared from the earth... But true philanthropy reconciles the mind to these vicissitudes as it does to the extinction of one generation to make room for another... In the monuments and fortresses of an unknown people, spread over the extensive regions of the West, we behold the memorials of a onze powerful race, which was exterminated or has disappeared to make room for the existing savage tribes… Philanthropy could not wish to see this continent restored to the condition in which it was found by our forefathers. What good man would prefer a country covered with forests and ranged by a few thousand savages to our extensive Republic, studded with cities, towns, and prosperous farms, embellished with all the improvements which art ca devise or industry execute, occupied by more than 12,000,000 happy people, and filled with all the blessings of liberty, civilization, and religion?[15][16][17]

According to historian H. W. Brands, Jackson sincerely believed that his population transfer was a "wise and humane policy" that would save the Native Americans from "utter annihilation". Jackson portrayed the removal as a paternalistic act of mercy.[18]

According to Robert M. Keeton, those in favor of the bill would use biblical stories, including the Story of Creation and the Story of Jacob and Esau, to argue for the resettlement of Native Americans. This method was used by figures such as Wilson Lumpkin, Richard H. Wilde, and Andrew Jackson to justify the act from a righteous standpoint.[19]

Vore també

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Notes

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  1. ↑ Doval Huecas (2009). Breu història dels indis nortamericans (en és), Edicions Nowtilus, pp. 155. ISBN 978-84-9763-585-1. «En 1830, el Congrés va aprovar la Llei de Trasllat Forçós dels Indis.»
  2. ↑ El Senat dels Estats Units va aprovar el Proyecte de Llei el 24 d'abril de 1830, la Casa dels Representants d'Estats Units ho va aprovar el 26 de maig de 1830; Francis Paul Prucha, The Great Father: The United States Government and the American Indians, Volume I (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1984), p. 206.
  3. ↑ The O. S. Senate passed the bill on April 24, 1830 (28–19), the O. S. House passed it on May 26, 1830 (102–97); Prucha, Francis Paul, The Great Father: The United States Government and the American Indians, Volume I, Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1984, p. 206.
  4. ↑ «Indian Treaties and the Removal Act of 1830» (en en). Office of the Historian. Departament d'Estat dels Estats Units. Consultat el 6 de decembre de 2025. «The Act established a process whereby the President could grant land west of the Mississippi River to Indian tribes that agreed to give up their homelands. As incentives, the law allowed the Indians financial and material assistance to travel to their new locations and start new lives and guaranteed that the Indians would live on their new property under the protection of the United States Government forever»
  5. ↑ The Congressional Record; May 26, 1830; House vote No. 149; Government Tracker online; retrieved October 2015
  6. ↑ Lewey, Guenter«Were American Indians the Victims of Genocide?».Commentary. Also available in reprint from the History News Network.
  7. ↑ «The "Indian Problem"» (vídeo){{#if:|, {{{canal}}}.
  8. ↑ Thor, The Mighty (2003). «Chapter 2: "Both White and Ret"», Mixed Blood Indians: Racial Construction in the Early South, The University of Geòrgia Press, p. 51. ISBN 978-0-8203-2731-0.
  9. ↑ The Cherokee Nation and the Trail of Tears, New York: Viking, p. 47. OCLC 74987776. ISBN 978-0-670-03150-4.
  10. ↑ «Indian Removal Act». A&I Television Networks (2011).
  11. ↑ «Timeline of Removal».
  12. ↑ Howe, Daniel Walker. What hath God wrought: the transformation of America, 1815-1848, New York: Oxford University Press, pp. 348–52. ISBN 978-0-19-507894-7.
  13. ↑ 13,0 13,1 Farris, Scott. Almost president: the men who lost the race but changed the nation, Guilford, CN: Lyons Press, p. 32. ISBN 978-0-7627-6378-8.
  14. ↑ Brands, 2006, pp. 489–98.
  15. ↑ Brands, 2006, p. 490.
  16. ↑ «Statements from the Debat on Indian Removal». Columbia University.
  17. ↑ (1995) Native American Voices: A History and Anthology (vol. 2), Brandywine Press, pp. 115–116.
  18. ↑ Brands, 2006, p. 489-493.
  19. ↑ Keeton, Robert M.. 5. "The Race of Pale Men Should Increase and Multiply" (en en), New York University Press, pp. 125–149. doi:10.18574/nyu/9781479876778.003.0006. ISBN 978-1-4798-9573-1.

Referències

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