Idioma protocaucásico nort-occidental
Protocaucásico nort-occidental (a voltes abreviat en anglés PNWC), també protoadigue-abazgi o protoadigues-abjasio, és el ancestro comú reconstruït de les Llengües caucásicas noroccidental.
Fonológia
Consonants
| Protocau. Nor. | Protoabazgi | Ubije | Protocircasiano |
|---|---|---|---|
| p | |||
| pː | b | b | pː |
| b | |||
| pʼ | |||
| f | xʷ | ||
| w | |||
| m | |||
| pʲ | p | tʷ | t |
| pʲː | b | (tʷdʷ) | tː |
| bʲ | b | dʷ | d |
| pʼʲ | pʼ | tʷʼ | tʼ |
| pʷ | p | f | p |
| bʷ | f | f | b |
| pʷʲ | tsʲ | tʷ | – |
| bʷʲ | dzʲ | dʷ | d |
| pʷʲʼ | tsʲʼ | tʷʼ | tʼ |
| pˤ | p | vˤ | p |
| pˤː | – | bˤ | pː |
| bˤ | b | bˤ | b |
| pˤʼ | – | pˤʼ | pʼ |
| mˤ | m | mˤ | m |
| t | |||
| tː | t | tː | |
| d | |||
| tʼ | |||
| r | r | d-,rʁ | tː-,r |
| n | |||
| rʲ | r | ɮ | dz |
| tʷ | tʷ | t | |
| tʷː | d(ʷ) | tʷ | tː |
| dʷ | d | ||
| tʷʼ | tʼ | ||
| tʷʲ | tʷ | – | ts |
| tʷʲʼ | tʷʼ | tʷʼ | tsʼ |
| **ts | s-c | ||
| **tsː | ts | tsː | |
| **dz | dz | dzz | |
| **tsʼ | |||
| s | |||
| **z | z | dzz | z |
| **tsʲ | (s) | ||
| **tsʲː | dzʲ(?) | ts | tsː |
| **dzʲ | dzz | ||
| **tsʲʼ | tsʼ | ||
| sʲ | s | ||
| **zʲ | z | dzʲzʲ | z |
| **tsʷ | sʷ- | ||
| **tsʷː | tsʷ | tsʷ | tsʷː |
| **dzʷ | – | dzʷ | |
| **tsʷʼ | |||
| sʷ | |||
| **zʷ | dzʷzʷ | zʷ | |
| **tsʷʲ | (tʃ) | – | tsʲ |
| **dzʷʲ | dʒʒ | dʒʲ | dzʲ |
| **tsʷʲʼ | tʃʼ | tʃʲʼ | tsʲʼ |
| sʷʲ | sʲ | tʃʷ | sʲ |
| **zʷʲ | dzʲzʲ | ʒʷ | zʲ |
| tʃ | tsʲ | ts | s |
| dʒ | dzʲ | dz | dzz |
| tʃʼ | tsʲʼ | tsʼ | tsʲʼ(?) |
| ʃ(ʃː) | sʲ | s | s |
| ʒ | zʲ | z | z |
| tɕ | |||
| tɕː | dzʲ(tɕ) | tɕ | tɕː |
| dʑ | dʑʑ | ||
| tɕʼ | |||
| ɕ | ʃ(?) | ɕ | ʃ |
| ɕː | ʃ | ɕ | ʃː |
| ʑ | ʒ | ʑ | ʒ |
| j | |||
| tʃʷ | tʃ | tʃ | tɕ |
| tʃʷː | zʷ | tʃ | tɕː |
| dʒʷ | dzʷzʷ | dʒ | dʑʑ |
| tʃʷʼ | tʃʼ | tʃʼ | tɕʼ |
| ʃʷ | sʷ | ʃ | ʃ |
| ʃʷː | ʃ | ʃ | ʃː |
| ʒʷ | zʲ(?) | ʒ | ʒ |
| tɕʷ | tʃ | tɕ | tʃ |
| tɕʷː | dʒʒ | tɕ | tʃː |
| tɕʷʼ | tʃʼ | tɕʼ | tʃʼ |
| ɕʷ | ʃʷ | ʃʷ | sʲ |
| ɕʷː | ʃ | sʷ | ʃː |
| ʑʷ | ʒʷ | ʒʷ | zʲ |
| tɬ | x | ɕ | tɕ |
| tɬː | ts | (sʲ) | tɕː |
| dɮ | l | ɮ | tħ |
| tɬʼ | x/tsʼ | tsʲʼ | tɕʼ |
| ɬ | – | sʲ | ɕ |
| ɬː | x | sʲ | ɕː |
| l | l | d-,Øj | tħ-,ɮ |
| tɬʲ | xʲ | ɕ | tɕ |
| dɮʲ | ɣʲ | ʁ(zʲ) | ɣ |
| tɬʲʼ | ɕ | tɬʼ | tɬʼ |
| ɬʲ (ɬʲʼː) | ɕ | ɬ | ɬ |
| ɮʲ | ʑ | ɮ | ɮ |
| lʲ | r-,lɣʲ | ɮ | d- |
| tɬʷ | tsʷ | tsʷ | tʃ |
| tɬʷː | tsʷ | tsʷ | tʃː |
| dɮʷ | l | w | ħ |
| tɬʷʼ | tsʼ(ʷ) | tsʼ(ʷ) | tʃʼ |
| ɬʷ | ʃ | sʷ | x(ʷ) |
| ɬʷː | ʃ | s(ʷ) | ɕː |
| tɬʷʲ | tʃʷ | f | x |
| tɬʷʲː | ʒʷ | dʑ | tɕː |
| dɮʷʲ | dʒʷ | dʒ | ɮ |
| tɬʷʲʼ | tʃʷʼ | tsʼ | tɕʼ |
| ɬʷʲ (ɬʷː) | ʃ | ʃʷ | x(ʷ) |
| ɮʷʲ | ʒ | ʒʷ | ɣʲ |
| k | k | kʲ | kʲ |
| ɡ | ɡ | ɡʲ | ɡʲ |
| kʼ | kʼ | kʲʼ | kʲʼ |
| x | x | ɕ | x |
| ɣ | ɣ | ɣʁ | ɣ |
| kʲ | kʲ | – | kʲ |
| ɡʲ | ɡʲ | – | ɡʲ |
| xʲ | xʲ | sʲ | ɕ |
| ɣʲ | ɣʲ | zʲ | ʑ |
| kʷ | |||
| kʷː | ɡʷ | ɡʷ | kʷː |
| ɡʷ | |||
| kʷʼ | |||
| xʷ | xʷ | x | x(ʷ) |
| ɡʲʷ | ɡʷ | ɡʲ 1 | ɡʷ |
| kʷʲʼ | kʷʼ | kʲʼ | kʷʲʼ |
| xʷʲ | sʷ | xʲ | xʷ |
| ɣʷʲ(?) | zʷ | ʁʲ | ʁʷ |
| q | (ħ) | q | q- |
| qː | q | q | qː |
| ɢ | ɣ | ʁ | ʁ |
| qʼ | qʼ | qʼ | qː |
| χ | ħ | χ | χ |
| ʁ | ʕ | ʁ | ʁ |
| qʲː | q | qʲ | – |
| ɢʲ | ɣʲ | ʁʲ | – |
| qʲʼ | qʲʼ | qʲʼ | ʔ |
| χʲ | ħ | xʲ | χʲ |
| ʁʲ | ʕ | ʁʲ | ʁ |
| qʷ | ħʷ | qʷ | qʷ-,qʷː |
| qʷː | qʷ | qʷ | qʷː |
| ɢʷ | ɣʷ | ʁʷ | ʁʷ |
| qʷʼ | qʷʼ | qʷʼ | qʷː |
| χʷ | ħʷ | χʷ | χʷ |
| ʁʷ | ʕʷ | ʁʷ | ʁʷ |
| qʷʲ | ħ(ʷ) | xʲ | qʷ- |
| qʷʲː | – | qʲ | qʷː |
| ɢʷʲ | ɣ(ʷ) | ʁʲ | ʁʷ |
| qʷʲʼ | ʕʷ(qʷʼ?) | qʲʼ | ʔʷ |
| χʷʲ | ħ(ʷ) | χʲ | χʷ |
| ʁʷʲ | ʕ(ʷ) | ʁʲ | ʁʷ |
| qˤː | ʕ | – | qː |
| qˤʼ | ħ(?) | qˤʼ | qː |
| χˤ | – | χˤ | χ |
| ʁˤ | ʕ | ʁˤ | ʁ |
| qˤʲ | q | q(ˤ) | ħ |
| qˤʲː | ʔ | qʼ | ʔ |
| qˤʲʼ | ħ | qʼ | ʔ |
| χˤʲ | ħ | χ(ˤ) | ħ |
| ʁˤʲ | ʕ | ʁ | j |
| qˤʷ | ħʷ | χˤʷ | qʷ- |
| qˤʷː | ʕʷ | qˤ(ʷ) | qʷː |
| qˤʷʼ | qʷʼ(qʷ) | qˤʷʼ | qʷː |
| χˤʷ | ħʷ | χˤʷ | χʷ |
| ʁˤʷ | (ħʷ?) | ʁˤʷ | ʁʷ |
| qˤʷʲ | qʷ | χʷ | ħ |
| qˤʷʲː | ʕʷ | qʷʼ | ʔʷ |
| qˤʷʲʼ | ħʷ | qʷʼ | ʔʷ |
| ʁˤʷʲ | ʕʷ | w | wʁʷ |
- En circasiano i abjasio , gʷǝ és cor i en ubije és gʲǝ
Els canvis més notables són:
- Les consonants uvulares (/χ/ /ʁ/ /χʷ/ /ʁʷ/) es convertixen en consonant faríngees (/ħ/ /ʕ/ /ħʷ/ /ʕʷ/) en l'idioma protoabazgi.
Gramàtica
Paraules
| Espanyol | Protocau. Nor. | Protoabazgi | Abjasio | Abaza | Ubije | Protocircasiano | Adigués | Cabardino | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Yo | – | sa/sarˈa | sa/sarˈa | sa/sarˈa | səsant | sa | sa | sa | |||||||||
| Cor | ɡʲʷə | ɡʷə | ɡʷə | ɡʷə | ɡʲə | ɡʷə | ɡʷə | ɡʷə | |||||||||
| Mar | – | – | – | – | ɕʷa | xə | xə | xə | |||||||||
| ho venen | – | – | – | – | aːɕan | – | jaːɕan | jaːɕan | |||||||||
| Vaig | – | – | – | – | skʲʼan | skʷʼan | skʷʼan | skʷʼan | |||||||||
| yo dic | – | – | – | – | sqʼan | – | sʔʷan | sʔʷan | |||||||||
| Language/tongue | bǝźA | bzǝ | aːbz | bzǝ | bza | bza | bza | bza | |||||||||
| Roig | – | – | – | – | pɬə | pɬəʑ | pɬəʑ | pɬəʑ | |||||||||
| Lliure, Carta | – | – | – | – | txəɬ | txəɬ | txəɬ | txəɬ | |||||||||
| partix superior de l'esquena | – | – | – | – | txə | txə | txə | txə | |||||||||
| Ox | c:ʷǝ | t͡sʷə | á-ć̌ | t͡ʃʷə | t͡sʷə | t͡sʷːə | t͡sʷə, t͡ʃʷə | və | |||||||||
| Sagne | – | – | – | – | ɬa | ɬə | ɬə | ɬə | |||||||||
| Més/Lluna | – | – | aːmza | məzə | məʒa | maːza | maːza | maːza | |||||||||
| Barba | – | – | – | – | ʒaːkʼʲa | ʒaːkʼʲa | ʒaːt͡ʃʼa | - | Pols | – | – | – | – | saːpa | saːpa | saːpa | saːba |
| Descalce | – | – | – | – | ɬapsʼə | ɬapsʼa | ɬapt͡sʼa | - | Ruc | – | – | – | – | t͡ʃədə | ʃədə | ʃədə | ʃədə |
| Erizo | – | – | – | – | pəzʲə | pəʐ | pəʐ | – | |||||||||
| Aigua | – | – | – | – | bzə | psə | psə | psə | |||||||||
| Falla | – | – | – | – | laːʑa | laːʑa | laːʑa | - | Casa | ʁ́Iʷǝna | – | – | ʕʷna | – | wəna | wəna | wəna |
| Mare | (a)nǝ | (a)nǝ | á-n | anǝ | na | aːna | nə | aːna | |||||||||
| Pare | (a)ṕ:ǝ | ab | ab | aba | tʷǝ | at:a | tǝ | aːdona | |||||||||
| pesat | anǝTa | xanǝta | á-χ́anta | χ́anta | – | want:aʁʷ | wantaʁʷ | wandaʁʷ | |||||||||
| estable | anǝTa | bawǝ-ra | bora | a-bóra, -bówra | bow | – | – | bow | |||||||||
| guest | – | – | – | – | pč̣́a | ħa-č̣́á | ħaṣ́a | - | Montanya/Tossal | bǝɣA | – | bʁa | – | – | bɣǝ | bɣǝ | bɣǝ |
| pallola/escarlatina / navel | bǝč̣́ǝ | bǝč̣́ǝ | a-bč̣́ǝ́ | bč̣́ǝ | bǝč̣́ǝ́ | – | nǝbǝǯ́ | - | pols / bombeta / ampolla | bǝbǝ | – | á-bǝb | – | – | psǝ-bǝb | psǝ-bǝb | psǝ-bǝb |
Números
| Espanyol | Protocau. Nor. Schulze | Protocau. Nor. Colarusso | Protoabazgi | abjasio | Abaza | Ubijé | Protocircasiano | adigués | Cabardino |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Un | za | – | za-kʼə | akʼə | zakʼə | za | zə | zə | zə |
| Dos | tʼqʷʼa | tʼqʼo | ʕʷ-ba | ɥ-ba | ʕʷ-ba | tʼqʷʼa | tʷʼə | tʷʼə | tʷʼə |
| Tres | λ:ə | (i-)x̂ə/a | χ-ba | χ-ba/x-ba | χ-ba | ʂa | ɕə | ɕə | ɕə |
| Quatre | pʼλʼa | – | pɕ-ba | pɕ-ba | pɕ-ba | pʼɬʼə | t͡ɬə | pɬʼə | pɬʼə |
| Cinc | sx̂ʷə | (w-/i-)ćx̂ə | χʷ-ba | χʷ-ba/xʷ-ba | χʷ-ba | ɕxə | txʷə | tfə | txʷə |
| Sis | ɬʷə | (w-)x̂cə | tʃʷba? | f-ba | t͡s-ba | fə | xə | xə | xə |
| Sèt | bδə | ɣə́ | bəʑ-ba | bəʑ-ba | bəʑ-ba | blə | bɮə | blə | bɮə |
| Huit | – | (w-/i-)ɣə/a | aʕ-ba | aa-ba | aʕ-ba | ʁʷa | jə | jə | jə |
| Nou | bğʷʲə | ɣə́ | – | ʑʷ-ba | ʒʷ-ba | bʁʲə | bʁʷə | bʁʷə | bʁʷə |
| Dèu | bćʼʷə | (p-/w-)źə́/źá | – | ʑʷa-ba | ʒʷa-ba | ʑʷə | pʃʼə | pʃʼə | pɕʼə |
Bibliografia
- STAROSTIN, Sergei A.; NIKOLAYEV, Sergei L. (1994). A North Caucasian Etymological Dictionary: rinet. ru/Texts/caucpref. pdf Preface.
Enllaços externs
- Este artícul conté una traducció derivada de «Proto-Northwest Caucasian language» de Wikipedia en inglés, concretament de esta versió, publicada baix la Llicència de documentació lliure de GNU i la Llicència Creative Commons Reconeiximent-CompartirIgual 4.0 Internacional.
- rinet. ru/cgi-bin/response. cgi? root=config&morpho=0&basename=\data\cauc\abadet&first=1 Abkhaz-Adyghe etymology
- Este artícul conté una traducció derivada de «Idioma protocaucásico noroccidental» de Wikipedia en castellà publicada baix la Llicència de documentació lliure de GNU i la Llicència Creative Commons Reconeiximent-CompartirIgual 4.0 Internacional.