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Els camps d'interés filosòfic d'Al-Farabi incloïen —pero no es llimitaven a— la filosofia de la societat i la [[religió]];<ref>Germann, Nadja (Spring 2021). [https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/al-farabi-soc-rel/ "Farabi's Philosophy of Society and Religion"]. In Zalta, Edward N. (ed.). ''Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy''. ISSN&#x20;1095-5054. OCLC&#x20;429049174.</ref> la [[filosofia del llenguage]] i la [[llògica]];<ref>Hodges, Wilfrid; Thérèse-Anne Druart (Winter 2020). [https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/al-farabi-logic/#FounArab.html "Farabi's Philosophy of Logic and Language"]. In Zalta, Edward N. (ed.). ''Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy''. ISSN&#x20;1095-5054. OCLC&#x20;429049174.</ref> la psicologia i l'[[epistemologia]];<ref>López-Farjeat 2020.</ref> la [[metafísica]],<ref>Menn, Stephen (Winter 2021). [https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/al-farabi-metaphysics/ "Farabi's Metaphysics"]. In Zalta, Edward N. (ed.). ''Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy''. ISSN&#x20;1095-5054. OCLC&#x20;429049174.</ref> la filosofia política<ref>Mahdi 2000, passim.</ref> i l'ètica.<ref>Fakhry 1994, pp.&#x20;78–85.</ref> Era un expert tant en la pràctica musical com en la teoria musical,<ref>Sawa 2012, passim.</ref> i encara que no era intrínsecament un científic,<ref>Madkour 1963–1966, pp.&#x20;452–453; Weber 2017, p.&#x20;169a.</ref> les seues obres incorporen l'[[astronomia]],<ref>Dhanani 2007, pp.&#x20;356–357.</ref> les [[Matemàtica|matemàtiques]],<ref>Shamsi, F. A. (1984). [https://findit.library.yale.edu/images_layout/view?parentoid=15730291&increment=34 "Farabi's Treatise on Certain Obscurities in Books I and V of Euclid's Elements"]. ''Journal for the History of Arabic Science''. '''VIII''' (1–2): 31–42. ISSN&#x20;0379-2927.</ref> la cosmologia<ref>Janos, Damien (2012). ''Method, Structure, and Development in Fārābī's Cosmology''. Islamic Philosophy, Theology and Science. Texts and Studies. Volume 85. Leiden: Brill. [https://brill.com/view/title/18309 doi:10.1163/9789004217324]. ISBN&#x20;<bdi>978-90-04-20615-1</bdi>. ISSN&#x20;0169-8729. S2CID&#x20;118794688.</ref> i la [[física]].<ref>Druart 2021, § 5.</ref>
Els camps d'interés filosòfic d'Al-Farabi incloïen —pero no es llimitaven a— la filosofia de la societat i la [[religió]];<ref>Germann, Nadja (Spring 2021). [https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/al-farabi-soc-rel/ "Farabi's Philosophy of Society and Religion"]. In Zalta, Edward N. (ed.). ''Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy''. ISSN&#x20;1095-5054. OCLC&#x20;429049174.</ref> la [[filosofia del llenguage]] i la [[llògica]];<ref>Hodges, Wilfrid; Thérèse-Anne Druart (Winter 2020). [https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/al-farabi-logic/#FounArab.html "Farabi's Philosophy of Logic and Language"]. In Zalta, Edward N. (ed.). ''Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy''. ISSN&#x20;1095-5054. OCLC&#x20;429049174.</ref> la psicologia i l'[[epistemologia]];<ref>López-Farjeat 2020.</ref> la [[metafísica]],<ref>Menn, Stephen (Winter 2021). [https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/al-farabi-metaphysics/ "Farabi's Metaphysics"]. In Zalta, Edward N. (ed.). ''Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy''. ISSN&#x20;1095-5054. OCLC&#x20;429049174.</ref> la filosofia política<ref>Mahdi 2000, passim.</ref> i l'ètica.<ref>Fakhry 1994, pp.&#x20;78–85.</ref> Era un expert tant en la pràctica musical com en la teoria musical,<ref>Sawa 2012, passim.</ref> i encara que no era intrínsecament un científic,<ref>Madkour 1963–1966, pp.&#x20;452–453; Weber 2017, p.&#x20;169a.</ref> les seues obres incorporen l'[[astronomia]],<ref>Dhanani 2007, pp.&#x20;356–357.</ref> les [[Matemàtica|matemàtiques]],<ref>Shamsi, F. A. (1984). [https://findit.library.yale.edu/images_layout/view?parentoid=15730291&increment=34 "Farabi's Treatise on Certain Obscurities in Books I and V of Euclid's Elements"]. ''Journal for the History of Arabic Science''. '''VIII''' (1–2): 31–42. ISSN&#x20;0379-2927.</ref> la cosmologia<ref>Janos, Damien (2012). ''Method, Structure, and Development in Fārābī's Cosmology''. Islamic Philosophy, Theology and Science. Texts and Studies. Volume 85. Leiden: Brill. [https://brill.com/view/title/18309 doi:10.1163/9789004217324]. ISBN&#x20;<bdi>978-90-04-20615-1</bdi>. ISSN&#x20;0169-8729. S2CID&#x20;118794688.</ref> i la [[física]].<ref>Druart 2021, § 5.</ref>


A Al-Farabi se li atribuïx ser el primer musulmà que presentà la filosofia com un sistema coherent en el món islàmic,<ref>Fakhry 2002, pp.&#x20;128 ff.; Gutas 2012b, passim; Reisman 2005, p.&#x20;52.</ref> creant un sistema filosòfic propi<ref>Adamson 2016, p.&#x20;63; Gutas 2012b; Netton 1992, p.&#x20;1; Rudolph 2017, p.&#x20;596.</ref> que va transcendir els interessos escolàstics dels seus precursors neoplatónics grecorromans i [[Aristotelisme|aristotèlics]] siríacs.<ref>Adamson 2016, p.&#x20;64; Gutas 2012b; Netton 1994, p.&#x20;101.</ref> Que fon més que un pioner de la [[filosofia islàmica]]<ref>Fakhry 2002, p.&#x20;vii; Netton 1992, p.&#x20;1; Reisman 2005, p.&#x20;52.</ref> queda evidenciat en el fet de que autors posteriors ho denominaren el «Segon Mestre», sent [[Aristòtil]] el primer.<ref>Adamec, Ludwig W. (2009). ''Historical Dictionary of Islam''. Historical Dictionaries of Religions, Philosophies, and Movements. No. 95 (2nd&#x20;ed.). Lanham, Maryland: The Scarecrow Press, Inc. pp.&#x20;95–96. ISBN&#x20;<bdi>978-0-8108-6161-9</bdi>.</ref> <ref>Adamson 2016, p.&#x20;63; Corbin 1993, p.&#x20;58; López-Farjeat 2020, Intro; Netton 1994, p.&#x20;99.</ref>
A Al-Farabi se li atribuïx ser el primer [[musulmà]] que presentà la filosofia com un sistema coherent en el món islàmic,<ref>Fakhry 2002, pp.&#x20;128 ff.; Gutas 2012b, passim; Reisman 2005, p.&#x20;52.</ref> creant un sistema filosòfic propi<ref>Adamson 2016, p.&#x20;63; Gutas 2012b; Netton 1992, p.&#x20;1; Rudolph 2017, p.&#x20;596.</ref> que va transcendir els interessos escolàstics dels seus precursors neoplatónics grecorromans i [[Aristotelisme|aristotèlics]] siríacs.<ref>Adamson 2016, p.&#x20;64; Gutas 2012b; Netton 1994, p.&#x20;101.</ref> Que fon més que un pioner de la [[filosofia islàmica]]<ref>Fakhry 2002, p.&#x20;vii; Netton 1992, p.&#x20;1; Reisman 2005, p.&#x20;52.</ref> queda evidenciat en el fet de que autors posteriors ho denominaren el «Segon Mestre», sent [[Aristòtil]] el primer.<ref>Adamec, Ludwig W. (2009). ''Historical Dictionary of Islam''. Historical Dictionaries of Religions, Philosophies, and Movements. No. 95 (2nd&#x20;ed.). Lanham, Maryland: The Scarecrow Press, Inc. pp.&#x20;95–96. ISBN&#x20;<bdi>978-0-8108-6161-9</bdi>.</ref> <ref>Adamson 2016, p.&#x20;63; Corbin 1993, p.&#x20;58; López-Farjeat 2020, Intro; Netton 1994, p.&#x20;99.</ref>


Entre els filòsofs influenciats per al-Farabi es troben Yahya ibn Adi, Abu Sulayman Sijistani, Abu al-Hassan al-Amiri i Abu Hayyan al-Tawhidi;<ref>Netton 1992, pp.&#x20;8–18.</ref> Avicena, Suhrawardi i Mulla Sadra;<ref>Corbin 1993, pp.&#x20;160–165.</ref> [[Avempace]], Ibn Tufail i [[Averroes]];<ref>Fakhry 2002, pp.&#x20;136–146.</ref> Maimónides,<ref>Pessin, Sarah (Spring 2007). [https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/maimonides-islamic/ "The Influence of Islamic Thought on Maimonides"]. In Zalta, Edward N. (ed.). ''Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy''. ISSN&#x20;1095-5054. OCLC&#x20;429049174.</ref> Albertus Magnus<ref>Vallat 2020, p.&#x20;553a.</ref> i [[Leo Strauss]].<ref>Brague, Rémi (1998). "Athens, Jerusalem, Mecca: Leo Strauss's "Muslim" Understanding of Greek Philosophy". ''Poetics Today''. '''19''' (2): 235–259. [https://www.jstor.org/stable/1773441?origin=crossref doi:10.2307/1773441]. ISSN&#x20;0333-5372. JSTOR&#x20;1773441.</ref> Fon conegut tant en l'Occident llatí<ref>Zonta 2020, pp.&#x20;559b–562a.</ref> com en el món islàmic.
Entre els filòsofs influenciats per al-Farabi es troben Yahya ibn Adi, Abu Sulayman Sijistani, Abu al-Hassan al-Amiri i Abu Hayyan al-Tawhidi;<ref>Netton 1992, pp.&#x20;8–18.</ref> Avicena, Suhrawardi i Mulla Sadra;<ref>Corbin 1993, pp.&#x20;160–165.</ref> [[Avempace]], Ibn Tufail i [[Averroes]];<ref>Fakhry 2002, pp.&#x20;136–146.</ref> Maimónides,<ref>Pessin, Sarah (Spring 2007). [https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/maimonides-islamic/ "The Influence of Islamic Thought on Maimonides"]. In Zalta, Edward N. (ed.). ''Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy''. ISSN&#x20;1095-5054. OCLC&#x20;429049174.</ref> Albertus Magnus<ref>Vallat 2020, p.&#x20;553a.</ref> i [[Leo Strauss]].<ref>Brague, Rémi (1998). "Athens, Jerusalem, Mecca: Leo Strauss's "Muslim" Understanding of Greek Philosophy". ''Poetics Today''. '''19''' (2): 235–259. [https://www.jstor.org/stable/1773441?origin=crossref doi:10.2307/1773441]. ISSN&#x20;0333-5372. JSTOR&#x20;1773441.</ref> Fon conegut tant en l'Occident llatí<ref>Zonta 2020, pp.&#x20;559b–562a.</ref> com en el món islàmic.
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El seu lloc de naiximent podria haver segut qualsevol dels molts llocs d'Àsia Central, llavors coneguda com ''Jorasán''. La paraula ''farab'' és un terme persa que designa un lloc irrigat per manals o corrents d'un riu propenc. Per lo tant, existixen molts llocs que duen eixe nom (o diverses evolucions d'eixe topònim) en eixa zona, com Farab (Otrar) en el Jaxartes (Syr Darya) en l'actual Kazakhstan; Farab, un poble encara existent en les afores de la ciutat de Chaharjuy/Amul (actual Türkmenabat) en el Oxus Amu Darya en Turkmenistan, en la Ruta de la Seda, que conecta Merv en Bujará, o Faryab en el Gran Jorasán (actual Afganistan). L'antic persa<ref name=":0" /> Parab (en Hudud ul-'alam) o Faryab (també Paryab), és un topònim persa comú que significa "terres irrigades per la desviació de l'aigua d'un riu".<ref>Daniel Balland, [https://iranicaonline.org/articles/faryab "Fāryāb"] in Encyclopædia Iranica. excerpt: "Fāryāb (also Pāryāb), common Persian toponym meaning “lands irrigated by diversion of river water"</ref> <ref>Dehkhoda Dictionary under "Parab" {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111003184408/http://www.loghatnaameh.com/dehkhodaworddetail-f1f713a319da41dc97d398057889ff2f-fa.html|date=2011-10-03}} excerpt: "پاراب . (اِ مرکب ) زراعتی که به آب چشمه و کاریز ورودخانه و مانند آن کنند مَسقوی . آبی . مقابل دیم" (translation: "Lands irrigated by diversion of river water, springs and qanats.")</ref>
El seu lloc de naiximent podria haver segut qualsevol dels molts llocs d'Àsia Central, llavors coneguda com ''Jorasán''. La paraula ''farab'' és un terme persa que designa un lloc irrigat per manals o corrents d'un riu propenc. Per lo tant, existixen molts llocs que duen eixe nom (o diverses evolucions d'eixe topònim) en eixa zona, com Farab (Otrar) en el Jaxartes (Syr Darya) en l'actual Kazakhstan; Farab, un poble encara existent en les afores de la ciutat de Chaharjuy/Amul (actual Türkmenabat) en el Oxus Amu Darya en Turkmenistan, en la Ruta de la Seda, que conecta Merv en Bujará, o Faryab en el Gran Jorasán (actual Afganistan). L'antic persa<ref name=":0" /> Parab (en Hudud ul-'alam) o Faryab (també Paryab), és un topònim persa comú que significa "terres irrigades per la desviació de l'aigua d'un riu".<ref>Daniel Balland, [https://iranicaonline.org/articles/faryab "Fāryāb"] in Encyclopædia Iranica. excerpt: "Fāryāb (also Pāryāb), common Persian toponym meaning “lands irrigated by diversion of river water"</ref> <ref>Dehkhoda Dictionary under "Parab" {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111003184408/http://www.loghatnaameh.com/dehkhodaworddetail-f1f713a319da41dc97d398057889ff2f-fa.html|date=2011-10-03}} excerpt: "پاراب . (اِ مرکب ) زراعتی که به آب چشمه و کاریز ورودخانه و مانند آن کنند مَسقوی . آبی . مقابل دیم" (translation: "Lands irrigated by diversion of river water, springs and qanats.")</ref>
=== Origens ===
Encara que alguns estudiosos sostenen que no és possible determinar el seu orige ètnic,<ref name=":0" /> <ref>Lessons with Texts by Alfarabi. [https://bartholomew.stanford.edu/authors/alfarabitext.html "D. Gutas, "AlFarabi" in Barthaolomew's World accessed Feb 18, 2010"]. Bartholomew.stanford.edu. Retrieved 2012-09-19.</ref> <ref>Reisman 2005, p.&#x20;53.</ref> <ref>F. Abiola Irele/Biodun Jeyifo, "Farabi", in ''The Oxford Encyclopedia of African Thought'', Vol. 1, p. 379.</ref> uns atres ho descriuen com d'orige persa o túrquic. L'historiador àrap medieval Ibn Abi Usaybia (fallit en 1270), un dels biógrafs més antics d'Al-Farabi, menciona en el seu Uyun que el pare d'Al-Farabi era d'ascendència persa.<ref name=":0" /> <ref>Ebn Abi Osaybea, Oyun al-anba fi tabaqat at-atebba, ed. A. Müller, Cairo, 1299/1882. وكان ابوه قائد جيش وهو فارسي المنتسب</ref> Al-Shahrazuri, que va viure cap a 1288 i escrigué una de les primeres biografies d'Al-Farabi, també afirma que procedia d'una família persa.<ref>Seyyed Hossein Nasr, Mehdi Aminrazavi. "An Anthology of Philosophy in Persia, Vol. 1: From Zoroaster to Umar Khayyam", I.B. Tauris in association with The Institute of Ismaili Studies, 2007. Pg 134: "Ibn Nadim in his al-Fihrist, which is the first work to mention Farabi considers him to be of Persian origin, as does Muhammad Shahrazuri in his ''Tarikh al-hukama'' and Ibn Abi Usaybi'a in his ''Tabaqat al-atibba''. In contrast, Ibn Khallikan in his '"Wafayat al-'ayan considers him to be of Turkish descent. In any case, he was born in Farab in Khurasan of that day around 257/870 in a climate of Persianate culture"</ref> <ref>Arabic: و كان من سلاله فارس in J. Mashkur, Farab and Farabi, Tehran,1972. See also Dehkhoda Dictionary under the entry ''Farabi'' for the same exact Arabic quote.</ref> Segons Majid Fakhry, professor emèrit de Filosofia de l'Universitat de Georgetown, el pare d'Al-Farabi «era un capità de l'eixèrcit d'orige persa».<ref>Fakhry 2002, p.&#x20;157.</ref> L'orige persa d'Al-Farabi també ha segut senyalat per moltes atres fonts.<ref>P.J. King, "One Hundred Philosophers: the life and work of the world's greatest thinkers", chapter al-Fārābi, Zebra, 2006. pp 50: "Of Persian stock, al-Farabi (Alfarabius, AbuNaser) was born in Turkestan"
- Henry Thomas, Understanding the Great Philosophers, Doubleday, Published 1962
- T. J. De Boer, "The History of Philosophy in Islam", Forgotten Books, 2008. Excerpt page 98: "His father is said to have been a Persian General". ISBN 1-60506-697-4
- Sterling M. McMurrin, Religion, Reason, and Truth: Historical Essays in the Philosophy of Religion, University of Utah Press, 1982, ISBN 0-87480-203-2. page 40.
- Edited by Robert C. Solomon and Kathleen M. Higgins. (2003). From Africa to Zen : an invitation to world philosophy. Lanham, Md.: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. pp. 163. ISBN 0-7425-1350-5 "al-Farabi (870–950), a Persian,"
- Thomas F. Glick. (1995). From Muslim fortress to Christian castle : social and cultural change in medieval Spain. Manchester: Manchester University Press. pp. 170. ISBN 0-7190-3349-7 "It was thus that al-Farabi (c. 870–950), a Persian philosopher"
- The World's Greatest Seers and Philosophers.. Gardners Books. 2005. pp. 41. ISBN 81-223-0824-4 "al-Farabi (also known as Abu al-Nasr al-Farabi) was born of Turkish parents in the small village of Wasij near Farab, Turkistan (now in Uzbekistan) in 870 AD. His parents were of Persian descent, but their ancestors had migrated to Turkistan."
- Bryan Bunch with Alexander Hellemans. (2004). The history of science and technology : a browser's guide to the great discoveries, inventions, and the people who made them, from the dawn of time to today. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. pp. 108. ISBN 0-618-22123-9 "Persian scholar al-Farabi"
- Olivier Roy, "The new Central Asia: the creation of nations", I.B.Tauris, 2000. 1860642799. pg 167: "Kazakhstan also annexes for the purpose of bank notes Al Farabi (870–950), the Muslim philosopher who was born in the south of present-day Kazakhstan but who presumably spoke Persian, particularly because in that era there were no Kazakhs in the region"
- Majid Khadduri; [foreword by R. K. Ramazani]. The Islamic conception of justice. Baltimore : Johns Hopkins University Press, c1984.. pp. 84. ISBN 0-8018-6974-9 "Nasr al-Farabi was born in Farab (a small town in Transoxiana) in 259/870 to a family of mixed parentage — the father, who married a Turkish woman, is said to have been of Persian and Turkish descent — but both professed the Shi'l heterodox faith. He spoke Persian and Turkish fluently and learned the Arabic language before he went to Baghdad.
- Ḥannā Fākhūrī, Tārīkh al-fikr al-falsafī ʻinda al-ʻArab, al-Duqqī, al-Jīzah : al-Sharikah al-Miṣrīyah al-ʻĀlamīyah lil-Nashr, Lūnjmān, 2002.
- ’Ammar al-Talbi, al-Farabi, UNESCO: International Bureau of Education, vol. XXIII, no. 1/2, Paris, 1993, p. 353-372
- David Deming,"Science and Technology in World History: The Ancient World and Classical Civilization", McFarland, 2010. pg 94: "Al-Farabi, known in Medieval Europe as Abunaser, was a Persian philosopher who sought to harmonize.."
- Philosophers: Abu Al-Nasr Al-Farabi Archived 2016-03-07 at the Wayback Machine, Trinity College, 1995–2000</ref> Per la seua banda, Dimitri Gutas, professor emèrit de l'Universitat de Yale, observa que les obres d'Al-Farabi contenen referències i glosses en persa, sogdià i inclús grec, pero no en turc.<ref name=":0" /> <ref>George Fadlo Hourani, Essays on Islamic Philosophy and Science, Suny press, 1975; Kiki Kennedy-Day, ''Books of Definition in Islamic Philosophy: The Limits of Words'', Routledge, 2002, page 32.</ref> El sogdià també ha segut propost com la seua llengua materna<ref>Joshua Parens (2006). An Islamic philosophy of virtuous religions : introducing Alfarabi. Albany, NY: State Univ. of New York Press. pp. 3. ISBN excerpt: "He was a native speaker of Turkic {{sic}} dialect, Soghdian." [Note: Sogdian was an East Iranian language and not a Turkic dialect]</ref> i com la llengua dels habitants de Farab.<ref>Joep Lameer, "Al-Fārābī and Aristotelian syllogistics: Greek theory and Islamic practice", E.J. Brill, 1994. ISBN pg 22: "..Islamic world of that time, an area whose inhabitants must have spoken Soghdian or maybe a Turkish dialect..."</ref> Muhammad Javad Mashkoor defén un orige centroasiàtic iranofon.<ref>20- . J. Mashkur, "Farabi and Farabi" in volume 14, No. 161, pp 15–12, Tehran,1972.  English translations of the arguments used by J. Mashkur can be found in: G. Lohraspi, "Some remarks on Farabi's background"; a scholarly approach citing C.E. Bosworth, B. Lewis, R. Frye, D. Gutas, J. Mashkur and partial translation of J.Mashkur's arguments: PDF. ولی فارابی فيلسوف تنها متعلق به ايران نبود بلكه به عالم اسلام تعلق داشت و از بركت قرآن و دين محمد به اين مقام رسيد. از اينجهت هه دانشمندانی كه در اينجا گرد آمده‌اند او را يك دانشمند مسلمان متعلق به عالم انسانيت مي‌دانند و كاری به تركی و فارسی و عربی بودن او ندارند.</ref> Segons Christoph Baumer, provablement era sogdià.<ref>Baumer, Christoph (2016). ''[https://books.google.es/books?id=LhiWDwAAQBAJ&redir_esc=y The History of Central Asia The Age of Islam and the Mongols]''. Bloomsbury Publishing. p.&#x20;42. ISBN&#x20;<bdi>9781838609405</bdi>. <q>Abu Nasr Muhammad al-Farabi (ca. 870–950) was a renowned philosopher and scientist with a keen interest in the theory of knowledge. Probably a Sogdian from the great merchant city of Farab, now called Otrar, in southern Kazakhstan</q></ref>
Segons Thérèse-Anne Druart, escrivint en 2020:<blockquote>«Els estudiosos han discutit el seu orige ètnic. Alguns han afirmat que era turc, pero investigacions més recents apunten a que era persa.»<ref>Druart 2021, Intro.</ref></blockquote>La referència més antiga coneguda que atribuïx a a Al-Farabi un orige túrquic procedix de l'historiador medieval Ibn Khallikan (fallit en 1282), qui en la seua obra Wafayat (completada en 669 H./1271 d. C.) afirma que Al-Farabi naixqué en el menut llogaret de Wasij, prop de Farab (en l'actual Otrar, Kazakhstan), de pares túrquics. Basant-se en este relat, alguns estudiosos sostenen que era d'orige túrquic.<ref>B.G. Gafurov, ''Central Asia:Pre-Historic to Pre-Modern Times'', (Shipra Publications, 2005), 124; "''Abu Nasr El-Farabi hailed from around ancient Farabi which was situated on the bank of Syr Daria and was the son of a Turk military commander''".</ref> <ref>Will Durant, ''The Age of Faith'', (Simon and Schuster, 1950), 253</ref> <ref>Nicholas Rescher, Al-Farabi's Short Commentary on Aristotle's Prior Analytics, University of Pittsburgh Pre, 1963, p.11, [https://books.google.es/books?id=lLV1ssgsNRIC&redir_esc=y Online Edition].</ref> <ref>Antony Black, The History of Islamic Political Thought: From the Prophet to the Present, Routledge, p. 61, [https://books.google.es/books?id=nspmqLKPU-wC&redir_esc=y Online Edition]</ref> <ref>James Hastings, Encyclopedia of Religion and Ethics, Kessinger Publishing, Vol. 10, p.757.</ref> <ref>Edited by Ted Honderich. (1995). The Oxford companion to philosophy. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 269. ISBN 0-19-866132-0 "Of Turki origin, al-Farabi studied under Christian thinkers"
- Edited and translated by Norman Calder, Jawid Mojaddedi and Andrew Rippin. (2003). Classical Islam : a sourcebook of religious literature. New York: Routledge. pp. 170. ISBN 0-415-24032-8 "He was of Turkish origin, was born in Turkestan"
- Ian Richard Netton. (1999). Al-Fārābī and his school. Richmond, Surrey: Curzon. ISBN 0-7007-1064-7 Pg. 5:"He appears to have been born into a military family of Turkish origin in the village of Wasil, Farab, in Turkestan"
- Edited by Henrietta Moore. (1996). The future of anthropological knowledge. London: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-10786-5 "al-Farabi (873–950), a scholar of Turkish origin."
- Diané Collinson and Robert Wilkinson. (1994). Thirty-Five Oriental Philosophers.. London: Routledge. ISBN 0-203-02935-6 "Al-Farabi is thought to be of Turkish origin. His family name suggests that he came from the vicinity of Farab in Transoxiana."
- Fernand Braudel; translated by Richard Mayne. (1995). A history of civilizations. New York, N.Y.: Penguin. ISBN 0-14-012489-6 "Al-Farabi, born in 870, was of Turkish origin. He lived in Aleppo and died in 950 in Damascus"
- Jaroslav Krejčí; assisted by Anna Krejčová. (1990). Before the European challenge : the great civilizations of Asia and the Middle East. Albany: State University of New York Press. pp. 140. ISBN 0-7914-0168-5 "the Transoxanian Turk al-Farabi (d. circa 950)"
- Hamid Naseem. (2001). Muslim philosophy science and mysticism. New Delhi: Sarup & Sons. pp. 78. ISBN 81-7625-230-1 "Al-Farabi, the first Turkish philosopher"
- [https://books.google.es/books?id=XwOwsOstm4gC&dq=farabi+wasij&pg=PA41&redir_esc=y Clifford Sawhney. The World's Greatest Seers and Philosophers, 2005, p. 41]
- [https://books.google.es/books?id=Q51plsbFmNcC&q=farabi+wasij&redir_esc=y Zainal Abidin Ahmad. Negara utama (Madinatuʾl fadilah) Teori kenegaraan dari sardjana Islam al Farabi. 1964, p. 19]
- [https://books.google.es/books?id=EQEeAAAAMAAJ&q=farabi+wasij&redir_esc=y Haroon Khan Sherwani. Studies in Muslim Political Thought and Administration. 1945, p. 63]</ref> Dimitri Gutas, arabiste nortamericà, critica esta afirmació, argumentant que el relat d'Ibn Khallikan estava dirigit contra les narracions històriques anteriors d'Ibn Abi Usaybi'a i tenia com a propòsit «demostrar» un orige túrquic per a Al-Farabi, per eixemple per mig de la menció de la ''nisba'' (llinage o denominació d'orige) adicional «al-Turk» (àrap: «el turc»), una ''nisba'' que Al-Farabi mai utilisà.<ref name=":0" /> No obstant, Abu al-Fida, que copià a Ibn Khallikan, substituí al-Torkī per l'expressió «wa-kana rajolan torkiyan», que significa «i era un home turc».<ref name=":0" /> A este respecte, i ya que les obres d'estos suposts autors turcs no mostren chafades de la cultura nómada túrquica, el professor d'Oxford C. I. Bosworth senyala que «grans figures com Al-Farabi, Al-Biruni i Avicena han segut adscrites a la raça turca per estudiosos turcs excessivament entusiastes».<ref>C. Edmund Bosworth (15 May 2017). ''[https://books.google.es/books?id=CAokDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT381&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false The Turks in the Early Islamic World]''. Taylor & Francis. p.&#x20;381. ISBN&#x20;<bdi>978-1-351-88087-9</bdi>.</ref>


== Referències ==
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Última revisió del 07:43 3 jul 2026

Abu Nasr Muhammad al-Farabi (àrap: أبو نصر محمد الفارابي, romanisat: Abū Naṣr Muḥammad al-Fārābī; c. 870[1] – 14 de decembre de 950–12 de giner de 951),[2] conegut en l'Occident llatí com Alpharabius,[3] fon un dels primers filòsofs i teòrics de la música islàmics.[4] Ha segut designat com «pare del neoplatonisme islàmic»[5] i «fundador de la filosofia política islàmica».[6]

Els camps d'interés filosòfic d'Al-Farabi incloïen —pero no es llimitaven a— la filosofia de la societat i la religió;[7] la filosofia del llenguage i la llògica;[8] la psicologia i l'epistemologia;[9] la metafísica,[10] la filosofia política[11] i l'ètica.[12] Era un expert tant en la pràctica musical com en la teoria musical,[13] i encara que no era intrínsecament un científic,[14] les seues obres incorporen l'astronomia,[15] les matemàtiques,[16] la cosmologia[17] i la física.[18]

A Al-Farabi se li atribuïx ser el primer musulmà que presentà la filosofia com un sistema coherent en el món islàmic,[19] creant un sistema filosòfic propi[20] que va transcendir els interessos escolàstics dels seus precursors neoplatónics grecorromans i aristotèlics siríacs.[21] Que fon més que un pioner de la filosofia islàmica[22] queda evidenciat en el fet de que autors posteriors ho denominaren el «Segon Mestre», sent Aristòtil el primer.[23] [24]

Entre els filòsofs influenciats per al-Farabi es troben Yahya ibn Adi, Abu Sulayman Sijistani, Abu al-Hassan al-Amiri i Abu Hayyan al-Tawhidi;[25] Avicena, Suhrawardi i Mulla Sadra;[26] Avempace, Ibn Tufail i Averroes;[27] Maimónides,[28] Albertus Magnus[29] i Leo Strauss.[30] Fon conegut tant en l'Occident llatí[31] com en el món islàmic.

Biografia

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Les distintes versions existents sobre els orígens i l'ascendència d'Al-Farabi indiquen que estes no foren registrades durant la seua vida ni poc despuix per ningú que disponguera d'informació de primera mà, sino que es basaven en rumors o conjectures (com ocorre també en atres contemporàneus d'Al-Farabi). Se sap molt poc sobre la seua vida. Les fonts més primerenques inclouen un passage autobiogràfic en el que Al-Farabi traça l'història de la llògica i la filosofia fins a la seua época, aixina com breus mencions realisades per Al-Masudi, Ibn al-Nadim i Ibn Hawqal. Saíd al-Ándalusí escrigué una biografia d'Al-Farabi. Els biógrafs àraps dels sigles XII i XIII disponien de molt poques senyes fiables i, en conseqüència, varen recórrer a relats inventats sobre la seua vida.[32]

Per referències indirectes se sap que passà una part important de la seua vida —pràcticament tota la seua carrera intelectual— en Bagdad, a on estudià i treballà en erudits cristians siríacs, entre ells el clerc Yuhanna ibn Haylan,[33] Yahya ibn Adi i Abu Ishaq Ibrahim al-Baghdadi. Més tart residí durant un temps en Damasc i en Egipte, abans de retornar a Damasc, a on muigué en 950 o 951.[34]

El seu nom era Abu Nasr Muhammad ibn Muhammad al-Farabi,[32] a voltes en el llinage familiar al-Tarkhani, és dir, l'element Tarkhan apareix en una nisba.[32] El seu yayo no era conegut entre els seus contemporàneus, pero un nom Awzalagh, en àrap, apareix sobtadament més tart en els escrits de Ibn Abi Usaybi'a, i el del seu besyayo en els de Ibn Khallikan.[32]

El seu lloc de naiximent podria haver segut qualsevol dels molts llocs d'Àsia Central, llavors coneguda com Jorasán. La paraula farab és un terme persa que designa un lloc irrigat per manals o corrents d'un riu propenc. Per lo tant, existixen molts llocs que duen eixe nom (o diverses evolucions d'eixe topònim) en eixa zona, com Farab (Otrar) en el Jaxartes (Syr Darya) en l'actual Kazakhstan; Farab, un poble encara existent en les afores de la ciutat de Chaharjuy/Amul (actual Türkmenabat) en el Oxus Amu Darya en Turkmenistan, en la Ruta de la Seda, que conecta Merv en Bujará, o Faryab en el Gran Jorasán (actual Afganistan). L'antic persa[32] Parab (en Hudud ul-'alam) o Faryab (també Paryab), és un topònim persa comú que significa "terres irrigades per la desviació de l'aigua d'un riu".[35] [36]

Origens

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Encara que alguns estudiosos sostenen que no és possible determinar el seu orige ètnic,[32] [37] [38] [39] uns atres ho descriuen com d'orige persa o túrquic. L'historiador àrap medieval Ibn Abi Usaybia (fallit en 1270), un dels biógrafs més antics d'Al-Farabi, menciona en el seu Uyun que el pare d'Al-Farabi era d'ascendència persa.[32] [40] Al-Shahrazuri, que va viure cap a 1288 i escrigué una de les primeres biografies d'Al-Farabi, també afirma que procedia d'una família persa.[41] [42] Segons Majid Fakhry, professor emèrit de Filosofia de l'Universitat de Georgetown, el pare d'Al-Farabi «era un capità de l'eixèrcit d'orige persa».[43] L'orige persa d'Al-Farabi també ha segut senyalat per moltes atres fonts.[44] Per la seua banda, Dimitri Gutas, professor emèrit de l'Universitat de Yale, observa que les obres d'Al-Farabi contenen referències i glosses en persa, sogdià i inclús grec, pero no en turc.[32] [45] El sogdià també ha segut propost com la seua llengua materna[46] i com la llengua dels habitants de Farab.[47] Muhammad Javad Mashkoor defén un orige centroasiàtic iranofon.[48] Segons Christoph Baumer, provablement era sogdià.[49]

Segons Thérèse-Anne Druart, escrivint en 2020:

«Els estudiosos han discutit el seu orige ètnic. Alguns han afirmat que era turc, pero investigacions més recents apunten a que era persa.»[50]

La referència més antiga coneguda que atribuïx a a Al-Farabi un orige túrquic procedix de l'historiador medieval Ibn Khallikan (fallit en 1282), qui en la seua obra Wafayat (completada en 669 H./1271 d. C.) afirma que Al-Farabi naixqué en el menut llogaret de Wasij, prop de Farab (en l'actual Otrar, Kazakhstan), de pares túrquics. Basant-se en este relat, alguns estudiosos sostenen que era d'orige túrquic.[51] [52] [53] [54] [55] [56] Dimitri Gutas, arabiste nortamericà, critica esta afirmació, argumentant que el relat d'Ibn Khallikan estava dirigit contra les narracions històriques anteriors d'Ibn Abi Usaybi'a i tenia com a propòsit «demostrar» un orige túrquic per a Al-Farabi, per eixemple per mig de la menció de la nisba (llinage o denominació d'orige) adicional «al-Turk» (àrap: «el turc»), una nisba que Al-Farabi mai utilisà.[32] No obstant, Abu al-Fida, que copià a Ibn Khallikan, substituí al-Torkī per l'expressió «wa-kana rajolan torkiyan», que significa «i era un home turc».[32] A este respecte, i ya que les obres d'estos suposts autors turcs no mostren chafades de la cultura nómada túrquica, el professor d'Oxford C. I. Bosworth senyala que «grans figures com Al-Farabi, Al-Biruni i Avicena han segut adscrites a la raça turca per estudiosos turcs excessivament entusiastes».[57]

Referències

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  1. ↑ Druart 2021, Intro; Corbin 1993, p. 158; Mahdi & Wright 1970–1980, p. 523a.
  2. ↑ Gutas 2012a, § Life; Rudolph 2017, pp. 538–539; Vallat 2020, p. 551b.
  3. ↑ Weber 2017, p. 169a.
  4. ↑ Druart 2021, Intro; Mahdi & Wright 1970–1980, p. 523a; Streetman 2014, p. 231a.
  5. ↑ Fakhry 2002, passim; Netton 1998, summary.
  6. ↑ Butterworth 2015, p. 2a; Daiber 1996, p. 848; Galston 1990, p. 5; Mahdi 2010, passim.
  7. ↑ Germann, Nadja (Spring 2021). "Farabi's Philosophy of Society and Religion". In Zalta, Edward N. (ed.). Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. ISSN 1095-5054. OCLC 429049174.
  8. ↑ Hodges, Wilfrid; Thérèse-Anne Druart (Winter 2020). "Farabi's Philosophy of Logic and Language". In Zalta, Edward N. (ed.). Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. ISSN 1095-5054. OCLC 429049174.
  9. ↑ López-Farjeat 2020.
  10. ↑ Menn, Stephen (Winter 2021). "Farabi's Metaphysics". In Zalta, Edward N. (ed.). Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. ISSN 1095-5054. OCLC 429049174.
  11. ↑ Mahdi 2000, passim.
  12. ↑ Fakhry 1994, pp. 78–85.
  13. ↑ Sawa 2012, passim.
  14. ↑ Madkour 1963–1966, pp. 452–453; Weber 2017, p. 169a.
  15. ↑ Dhanani 2007, pp. 356–357.
  16. ↑ Shamsi, F. A. (1984). "Farabi's Treatise on Certain Obscurities in Books I and V of Euclid's Elements". Journal for the History of Arabic Science. VIII (1–2): 31–42. ISSN 0379-2927.
  17. ↑ Janos, Damien (2012). Method, Structure, and Development in Fārābī's Cosmology. Islamic Philosophy, Theology and Science. Texts and Studies. Volume 85. Leiden: Brill. doi:10.1163/9789004217324. ISBN 978-90-04-20615-1. ISSN 0169-8729. S2CID 118794688.
  18. ↑ Druart 2021, § 5.
  19. ↑ Fakhry 2002, pp. 128 ff.; Gutas 2012b, passim; Reisman 2005, p. 52.
  20. ↑ Adamson 2016, p. 63; Gutas 2012b; Netton 1992, p. 1; Rudolph 2017, p. 596.
  21. ↑ Adamson 2016, p. 64; Gutas 2012b; Netton 1994, p. 101.
  22. ↑ Fakhry 2002, p. vii; Netton 1992, p. 1; Reisman 2005, p. 52.
  23. ↑ Adamec, Ludwig W. (2009). Historical Dictionary of Islam. Historical Dictionaries of Religions, Philosophies, and Movements. No. 95 (2nd ed.). Lanham, Maryland: The Scarecrow Press, Inc. pp. 95–96. ISBN 978-0-8108-6161-9.
  24. ↑ Adamson 2016, p. 63; Corbin 1993, p. 58; López-Farjeat 2020, Intro; Netton 1994, p. 99.
  25. ↑ Netton 1992, pp. 8–18.
  26. ↑ Corbin 1993, pp. 160–165.
  27. ↑ Fakhry 2002, pp. 136–146.
  28. ↑ Pessin, Sarah (Spring 2007). "The Influence of Islamic Thought on Maimonides". In Zalta, Edward N. (ed.). Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. ISSN 1095-5054. OCLC 429049174.
  29. ↑ Vallat 2020, p. 553a.
  30. ↑ Brague, Rémi (1998). "Athens, Jerusalem, Mecca: Leo Strauss's "Muslim" Understanding of Greek Philosophy". Poetics Today. 19 (2): 235–259. doi:10.2307/1773441. ISSN 0333-5372. JSTOR 1773441.
  31. ↑ Zonta 2020, pp. 559b–562a.
  32. ↑ 32,00 32,01 32,02 32,03 32,04 32,05 32,06 32,07 32,08 32,09 Gutas, Dimitri. "Farabi i. Biography". Encyclopædia Iranica. Retrieved April 4, 2010.
  33. ↑ "Yuhanna ibn Haylan". www.wikidata.org. Retrieved 2026-06-27.
  34. ↑ Reisman 2005, pp. 52–53.
  35. ↑ Daniel Balland, "Fāryāb" in Encyclopædia Iranica. excerpt: "Fāryāb (also Pāryāb), common Persian toponym meaning “lands irrigated by diversion of river water"
  36. ↑ Dehkhoda Dictionary under "Parab"
    • Archivat el 3 de octubre de 2011 archivat en Wayback Machine. excerpt: "پاراب . (اِ مرکب ) زراعتی که به آب چشمه و کاریز ورودخانه و مانند آن کنند مَسقوی . آبی . مقابل دیم" (translation: "Lands irrigated by diversion of river water, springs and qanats.")
  37. ↑ Lessons with Texts by Alfarabi. "D. Gutas, "AlFarabi" in Barthaolomew's World accessed Feb 18, 2010". Bartholomew.stanford.edu. Retrieved 2012-09-19.
  38. ↑ Reisman 2005, p. 53.
  39. ↑ F. Abiola Irele/Biodun Jeyifo, "Farabi", in The Oxford Encyclopedia of African Thought, Vol. 1, p. 379.
  40. ↑ Ebn Abi Osaybea, Oyun al-anba fi tabaqat at-atebba, ed. A. Müller, Cairo, 1299/1882. وكان ابوه قائد جيش وهو فارسي المنتسب
  41. ↑ Seyyed Hossein Nasr, Mehdi Aminrazavi. "An Anthology of Philosophy in Persia, Vol. 1: From Zoroaster to Umar Khayyam", I.B. Tauris in association with The Institute of Ismaili Studies, 2007. Pg 134: "Ibn Nadim in his al-Fihrist, which is the first work to mention Farabi considers him to be of Persian origin, as does Muhammad Shahrazuri in his Tarikh al-hukama and Ibn Abi Usaybi'a in his Tabaqat al-atibba. In contrast, Ibn Khallikan in his '"Wafayat al-'ayan considers him to be of Turkish descent. In any case, he was born in Farab in Khurasan of that day around 257/870 in a climate of Persianate culture"
  42. ↑ Arabic: و كان من سلاله فارس in J. Mashkur, Farab and Farabi, Tehran,1972. See also Dehkhoda Dictionary under the entry Farabi for the same exact Arabic quote.
  43. ↑ Fakhry 2002, p. 157.
  44. ↑ P.J. King, "One Hundred Philosophers: the life and work of the world's greatest thinkers", chapter al-Fārābi, Zebra, 2006. pp 50: "Of Persian stock, al-Farabi (Alfarabius, AbuNaser) was born in Turkestan" - Henry Thomas, Understanding the Great Philosophers, Doubleday, Published 1962 - T. J. De Boer, "The History of Philosophy in Islam", Forgotten Books, 2008. Excerpt page 98: "His father is said to have been a Persian General". ISBN 1-60506-697-4 - Sterling M. McMurrin, Religion, Reason, and Truth: Historical Essays in the Philosophy of Religion, University of Utah Press, 1982, ISBN 0-87480-203-2. page 40. - Edited by Robert C. Solomon and Kathleen M. Higgins. (2003). From Africa to Zen : an invitation to world philosophy. Lanham, Md.: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. pp. 163. ISBN 0-7425-1350-5 "al-Farabi (870–950), a Persian," - Thomas F. Glick. (1995). From Muslim fortress to Christian castle : social and cultural change in medieval Spain. Manchester: Manchester University Press. pp. 170. ISBN 0-7190-3349-7 "It was thus that al-Farabi (c. 870–950), a Persian philosopher" - The World's Greatest Seers and Philosophers.. Gardners Books. 2005. pp. 41. ISBN 81-223-0824-4 "al-Farabi (also known as Abu al-Nasr al-Farabi) was born of Turkish parents in the small village of Wasij near Farab, Turkistan (now in Uzbekistan) in 870 AD. His parents were of Persian descent, but their ancestors had migrated to Turkistan." - Bryan Bunch with Alexander Hellemans. (2004). The history of science and technology : a browser's guide to the great discoveries, inventions, and the people who made them, from the dawn of time to today. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. pp. 108. ISBN 0-618-22123-9 "Persian scholar al-Farabi" - Olivier Roy, "The new Central Asia: the creation of nations", I.B.Tauris, 2000. 1860642799. pg 167: "Kazakhstan also annexes for the purpose of bank notes Al Farabi (870–950), the Muslim philosopher who was born in the south of present-day Kazakhstan but who presumably spoke Persian, particularly because in that era there were no Kazakhs in the region" - Majid Khadduri; [foreword by R. K. Ramazani]. The Islamic conception of justice. Baltimore : Johns Hopkins University Press, c1984.. pp. 84. ISBN 0-8018-6974-9 "Nasr al-Farabi was born in Farab (a small town in Transoxiana) in 259/870 to a family of mixed parentage — the father, who married a Turkish woman, is said to have been of Persian and Turkish descent — but both professed the Shi'l heterodox faith. He spoke Persian and Turkish fluently and learned the Arabic language before he went to Baghdad. - Ḥannā Fākhūrī, Tārīkh al-fikr al-falsafī ʻinda al-ʻArab, al-Duqqī, al-Jīzah : al-Sharikah al-Miṣrīyah al-ʻĀlamīyah lil-Nashr, Lūnjmān, 2002. - ’Ammar al-Talbi, al-Farabi, UNESCO: International Bureau of Education, vol. XXIII, no. 1/2, Paris, 1993, p. 353-372 - David Deming,"Science and Technology in World History: The Ancient World and Classical Civilization", McFarland, 2010. pg 94: "Al-Farabi, known in Medieval Europe as Abunaser, was a Persian philosopher who sought to harmonize.." - Philosophers: Abu Al-Nasr Al-Farabi Archived 2016-03-07 at the Wayback Machine, Trinity College, 1995–2000
  45. ↑ George Fadlo Hourani, Essays on Islamic Philosophy and Science, Suny press, 1975; Kiki Kennedy-Day, Books of Definition in Islamic Philosophy: The Limits of Words, Routledge, 2002, page 32.
  46. ↑ Joshua Parens (2006). An Islamic philosophy of virtuous religions : introducing Alfarabi. Albany, NY: State Univ. of New York Press. pp. 3. ISBN excerpt: "He was a native speaker of Turkic Plantilla:Sic dialect, Soghdian." [Note: Sogdian was an East Iranian language and not a Turkic dialect]
  47. ↑ Joep Lameer, "Al-Fārābī and Aristotelian syllogistics: Greek theory and Islamic practice", E.J. Brill, 1994. ISBN pg 22: "..Islamic world of that time, an area whose inhabitants must have spoken Soghdian or maybe a Turkish dialect..."
  48. ↑ 20- . J. Mashkur, "Farabi and Farabi" in volume 14, No. 161, pp 15–12, Tehran,1972. English translations of the arguments used by J. Mashkur can be found in: G. Lohraspi, "Some remarks on Farabi's background"; a scholarly approach citing C.E. Bosworth, B. Lewis, R. Frye, D. Gutas, J. Mashkur and partial translation of J.Mashkur's arguments: PDF. ولی فارابی فيلسوف تنها متعلق به ايران نبود بلكه به عالم اسلام تعلق داشت و از بركت قرآن و دين محمد به اين مقام رسيد. از اينجهت هه دانشمندانی كه در اينجا گرد آمده‌اند او را يك دانشمند مسلمان متعلق به عالم انسانيت مي‌دانند و كاری به تركی و فارسی و عربی بودن او ندارند.
  49. ↑ Baumer, Christoph (2016). The History of Central Asia The Age of Islam and the Mongols. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 42. ISBN 9781838609405. Abu Nasr Muhammad al-Farabi (ca. 870–950) was a renowned philosopher and scientist with a keen interest in the theory of knowledge. Probably a Sogdian from the great merchant city of Farab, now called Otrar, in southern Kazakhstan
  50. ↑ Druart 2021, Intro.
  51. ↑ B.G. Gafurov, Central Asia:Pre-Historic to Pre-Modern Times, (Shipra Publications, 2005), 124; "Abu Nasr El-Farabi hailed from around ancient Farabi which was situated on the bank of Syr Daria and was the son of a Turk military commander".
  52. ↑ Will Durant, The Age of Faith, (Simon and Schuster, 1950), 253
  53. ↑ Nicholas Rescher, Al-Farabi's Short Commentary on Aristotle's Prior Analytics, University of Pittsburgh Pre, 1963, p.11, Online Edition.
  54. ↑ Antony Black, The History of Islamic Political Thought: From the Prophet to the Present, Routledge, p. 61, Online Edition
  55. ↑ James Hastings, Encyclopedia of Religion and Ethics, Kessinger Publishing, Vol. 10, p.757.
  56. ↑ Edited by Ted Honderich. (1995). The Oxford companion to philosophy. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 269. ISBN 0-19-866132-0 "Of Turki origin, al-Farabi studied under Christian thinkers" - Edited and translated by Norman Calder, Jawid Mojaddedi and Andrew Rippin. (2003). Classical Islam : a sourcebook of religious literature. New York: Routledge. pp. 170. ISBN 0-415-24032-8 "He was of Turkish origin, was born in Turkestan" - Ian Richard Netton. (1999). Al-Fārābī and his school. Richmond, Surrey: Curzon. ISBN 0-7007-1064-7 Pg. 5:"He appears to have been born into a military family of Turkish origin in the village of Wasil, Farab, in Turkestan" - Edited by Henrietta Moore. (1996). The future of anthropological knowledge. London: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-10786-5 "al-Farabi (873–950), a scholar of Turkish origin." - Diané Collinson and Robert Wilkinson. (1994). Thirty-Five Oriental Philosophers.. London: Routledge. ISBN 0-203-02935-6 "Al-Farabi is thought to be of Turkish origin. His family name suggests that he came from the vicinity of Farab in Transoxiana." - Fernand Braudel; translated by Richard Mayne. (1995). A history of civilizations. New York, N.Y.: Penguin. ISBN 0-14-012489-6 "Al-Farabi, born in 870, was of Turkish origin. He lived in Aleppo and died in 950 in Damascus" - Jaroslav Krejčí; assisted by Anna Krejčová. (1990). Before the European challenge : the great civilizations of Asia and the Middle East. Albany: State University of New York Press. pp. 140. ISBN 0-7914-0168-5 "the Transoxanian Turk al-Farabi (d. circa 950)" - Hamid Naseem. (2001). Muslim philosophy science and mysticism. New Delhi: Sarup & Sons. pp. 78. ISBN 81-7625-230-1 "Al-Farabi, the first Turkish philosopher" - Clifford Sawhney. The World's Greatest Seers and Philosophers, 2005, p. 41 - Zainal Abidin Ahmad. Negara utama (Madinatuʾl fadilah) Teori kenegaraan dari sardjana Islam al Farabi. 1964, p. 19 - Haroon Khan Sherwani. Studies in Muslim Political Thought and Administration. 1945, p. 63
  57. ↑ C. Edmund Bosworth (15 May 2017). The Turks in the Early Islamic World. Taylor & Francis. p. 381. ISBN 978-1-351-88087-9.
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