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	<id>https://www.lenciclopedia.org/w/index.php?action=history&amp;feed=atom&amp;title=Edmund_Gettier</id>
	<title>Edmund Gettier - Historial de revisions</title>
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	<updated>2026-07-09T11:00:05Z</updated>
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	<entry>
		<id>https://www.lenciclopedia.org/w/index.php?title=Edmund_Gettier&amp;diff=498260&amp;oldid=prev</id>
		<title>Avenza en 10:11 8 jul 2026</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://www.lenciclopedia.org/w/index.php?title=Edmund_Gettier&amp;diff=498260&amp;oldid=prev"/>
		<updated>2026-07-08T10:11:51Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;table style=&quot;background-color: #fff; color: #202122;&quot; data-mw=&quot;interface&quot;&gt;
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				&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;← Revisió anterior&lt;/td&gt;
				&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;Revisió de 10:11 8 jul 2026&lt;/td&gt;
				&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-lineno&quot; id=&quot;mw-diff-left-l1&quot;&gt;Llínea 1:&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-lineno&quot;&gt;Llínea 1:&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;{{Biografia|&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;{{Biografia|&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;| nom = Edmund Lee Gettier III&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;| nom = Edmund Lee Gettier III&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;| image = [[Archiu:Edmund L Gettier III ca 1960s umass.jpg|miniaturadimage|&#039;&#039;&#039;Edmund L Gettier III&#039;&#039;&#039; ca 1960s umass (&#039;&#039;By DaveGettier - Own work, CC BY-SA 4.0, &amp;lt;nowiki&amp;gt;https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=103656875&amp;lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&#039;&#039;)&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;]]&lt;/del&gt;]]&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;| image = [[Archiu:Edmund L Gettier III ca 1960s umass.jpg|miniaturadimage|&#039;&#039;&#039;Edmund L Gettier III&#039;&#039;&#039; ca 1960s umass (&#039;&#039;By DaveGettier - Own work, CC BY-SA 4.0, &amp;lt;nowiki&amp;gt;https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=103656875&amp;lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&#039;&#039;)]]&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;| peu = Gettier c. 1960s&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;| peu = Gettier c. 1960s&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;| nacionalitat =  Estatunidenc&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;| nacionalitat =  Estatunidenc&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;

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		<author><name>Avenza</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://www.lenciclopedia.org/w/index.php?title=Edmund_Gettier&amp;diff=498254&amp;oldid=prev</id>
		<title>Avenza en 10:11 8 jul 2026</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://www.lenciclopedia.org/w/index.php?title=Edmund_Gettier&amp;diff=498254&amp;oldid=prev"/>
		<updated>2026-07-08T10:11:12Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;table style=&quot;background-color: #fff; color: #202122;&quot; data-mw=&quot;interface&quot;&gt;
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				&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;← Revisió anterior&lt;/td&gt;
				&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;Revisió de 10:11 8 jul 2026&lt;/td&gt;
				&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-lineno&quot; id=&quot;mw-diff-left-l1&quot;&gt;Llínea 1:&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-lineno&quot;&gt;Llínea 1:&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;{{Biografia|&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;{{Biografia|&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;| nom = Edmund Lee Gettier III&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;| nom = Edmund Lee Gettier III&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;| image = &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;[[File:&lt;/del&gt;[[Archiu:Edmund L Gettier III ca 1960s umass.jpg|miniaturadimage|&#039;&#039;&#039;Edmund L Gettier III&#039;&#039;&#039; ca 1960s umass (&#039;&#039;By DaveGettier - Own work, CC BY-SA 4.0, &amp;lt;nowiki&amp;gt;https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=103656875&amp;lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&#039;&#039;)]]]]&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;| image = [[Archiu:Edmund L Gettier III ca 1960s umass.jpg|miniaturadimage|&#039;&#039;&#039;Edmund L Gettier III&#039;&#039;&#039; ca 1960s umass (&#039;&#039;By DaveGettier - Own work, CC BY-SA 4.0, &amp;lt;nowiki&amp;gt;https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=103656875&amp;lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&#039;&#039;)]]]]&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;| peu = Gettier c. 1960s&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;| peu = Gettier c. 1960s&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;| nacionalitat =  Estatunidenc&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;| nacionalitat =  Estatunidenc&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;

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		<author><name>Avenza</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://www.lenciclopedia.org/w/index.php?title=Edmund_Gettier&amp;diff=498251&amp;oldid=prev</id>
		<title>Avenza: Millora de l&#039;artícul</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://www.lenciclopedia.org/w/index.php?title=Edmund_Gettier&amp;diff=498251&amp;oldid=prev"/>
		<updated>2026-07-08T10:10:54Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Millora de l&amp;#039;artícul&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;table style=&quot;background-color: #fff; color: #202122;&quot; data-mw=&quot;interface&quot;&gt;
				&lt;col class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; /&gt;
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				&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;← Revisió anterior&lt;/td&gt;
				&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;Revisió de 10:10 8 jul 2026&lt;/td&gt;
				&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-lineno&quot; id=&quot;mw-diff-left-l1&quot;&gt;Llínea 1:&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-lineno&quot;&gt;Llínea 1:&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;{{Biografia|&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;{{Biografia|&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;| nom = Edmund Lee Gettier III&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;| nom = Edmund Lee Gettier III&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;| image = [[File:]]&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;| image = [[File:&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;[[Archiu:Edmund L Gettier III ca 1960s umass.jpg|miniaturadimage|&#039;&#039;&#039;Edmund L Gettier III&#039;&#039;&#039; ca 1960s umass (&#039;&#039;By DaveGettier - Own work, CC BY-SA 4.0, &amp;lt;nowiki&amp;gt;https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=103656875&amp;lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&#039;&#039;)]]&lt;/ins&gt;]]&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;| peu = Gettier c. 1960s&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;| peu = Gettier c. 1960s&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;| nacionalitat =  Estatunidenc&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;| nacionalitat =  Estatunidenc&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;

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		<author><name>Avenza</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://www.lenciclopedia.org/w/index.php?title=Edmund_Gettier&amp;diff=498196&amp;oldid=prev</id>
		<title>Avenza en 10:04 8 jul 2026</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://www.lenciclopedia.org/w/index.php?title=Edmund_Gettier&amp;diff=498196&amp;oldid=prev"/>
		<updated>2026-07-08T10:04:47Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;table style=&quot;background-color: #fff; color: #202122;&quot; data-mw=&quot;interface&quot;&gt;
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				&lt;col class=&quot;diff-content&quot; /&gt;
				&lt;col class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; /&gt;
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				&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;← Revisió anterior&lt;/td&gt;
				&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;Revisió de 10:04 8 jul 2026&lt;/td&gt;
				&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-lineno&quot; id=&quot;mw-diff-left-l1&quot;&gt;Llínea 1:&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-lineno&quot;&gt;Llínea 1:&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-side-deleted&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;{{Biografia|&lt;/ins&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-side-deleted&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;| nom = Edmund Lee Gettier III&lt;/ins&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-side-deleted&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;| image = [[File:]]&lt;/ins&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-side-deleted&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;| peu = Gettier c. 1960s&lt;/ins&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-side-deleted&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;| nacionalitat =  Estatunidenc&lt;/ins&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-side-deleted&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;| ocupació = Professor universitari i filòsof&lt;/ins&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-side-deleted&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;| data_naix = [[31 d&#039;octubre]] de [[1927]]&lt;/ins&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-side-deleted&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;| lloc_naix = Baltimore, Maryland&lt;/ins&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-side-deleted&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;| data_mort = [[23 de març]] de [[2021]]&lt;/ins&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-side-deleted&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;| escola = [[Filosofia analítica]]&lt;/ins&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-side-deleted&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;| interessos = [[Epistemologia]]&lt;/ins&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-side-deleted&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;| idees notables = [[Problema de Gettier]]&lt;/ins&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-side-deleted&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;}}&lt;/ins&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&amp;#039;&amp;#039;&amp;#039;Edmund Lee Gettier III&amp;#039;&amp;#039;&amp;#039; ([[31 d&amp;#039;octubre]] de [[1927]] - † [[23 de març]] de [[2021]]) fon un [[filòsof]] [[nortamericà]] de l&amp;#039;Universitat de Massachusetts Amherst. És conegut principalment pel seu artícul de [[1963]], «&amp;#039;&amp;#039;Is Justified True Belief Knowledge?&amp;#039;&amp;#039;»&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;[https://fitelson.org/proseminar/gettier.pdf &amp;quot;Is Justified True Belief Knowledge?&amp;quot;]&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; («&amp;#039;&amp;#039;¿És el coneiximent una creència verdadera justificada?&amp;#039;&amp;#039;»), que generà una extensa lliteratura filosòfica dedicada a respondre a lo que aplegà a conéixer-se com el [[problema de Gettier]].&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&amp;#039;&amp;#039;&amp;#039;Edmund Lee Gettier III&amp;#039;&amp;#039;&amp;#039; ([[31 d&amp;#039;octubre]] de [[1927]] - † [[23 de març]] de [[2021]]) fon un [[filòsof]] [[nortamericà]] de l&amp;#039;Universitat de Massachusetts Amherst. És conegut principalment pel seu artícul de [[1963]], «&amp;#039;&amp;#039;Is Justified True Belief Knowledge?&amp;#039;&amp;#039;»&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;[https://fitelson.org/proseminar/gettier.pdf &amp;quot;Is Justified True Belief Knowledge?&amp;quot;]&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; («&amp;#039;&amp;#039;¿És el coneiximent una creència verdadera justificada?&amp;#039;&amp;#039;»), que generà una extensa lliteratura filosòfica dedicada a respondre a lo que aplegà a conéixer-se com el [[problema de Gettier]].&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;

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		<author><name>Avenza</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://www.lenciclopedia.org/w/index.php?title=Edmund_Gettier&amp;diff=496894&amp;oldid=prev</id>
		<title>Jose2 en 07:36 8 jul 2026</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://www.lenciclopedia.org/w/index.php?title=Edmund_Gettier&amp;diff=496894&amp;oldid=prev"/>
		<updated>2026-07-08T07:36:55Z</updated>

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				&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;← Revisió anterior&lt;/td&gt;
				&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;Revisió de 07:36 8 jul 2026&lt;/td&gt;
				&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-lineno&quot; id=&quot;mw-diff-left-l4&quot;&gt;Llínea 4:&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-lineno&quot;&gt;Llínea 4:&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&amp;#039;&amp;#039;&amp;#039;Edmund Lee Gettier III&amp;#039;&amp;#039;&amp;#039; naixqué el 31 d&amp;#039;octubre de 1927 en Baltimore, [[Maryland]].&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;:0&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Greco, John (2010), &amp;quot;Gettier, Edmund Lee, III&amp;quot;, &amp;#039;&amp;#039;The Dictionary of Modern American Philosophers&amp;#039;&amp;#039;, Continuum, [https://doi.org/10.1093%2Facref%2F9780199754663.001.0001 doi:10.1093/acref/9780199754663.001.0001], ISBN&amp;amp;#x20;&amp;lt;bdi&amp;gt;978-0-19-975466-3&amp;lt;/bdi&amp;gt;, retrieved 2021-04-13&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&amp;#039;&amp;#039;&amp;#039;Edmund Lee Gettier III&amp;#039;&amp;#039;&amp;#039; naixqué el 31 d&amp;#039;octubre de 1927 en Baltimore, [[Maryland]].&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;:0&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Greco, John (2010), &amp;quot;Gettier, Edmund Lee, III&amp;quot;, &amp;#039;&amp;#039;The Dictionary of Modern American Philosophers&amp;#039;&amp;#039;, Continuum, [https://doi.org/10.1093%2Facref%2F9780199754663.001.0001 doi:10.1093/acref/9780199754663.001.0001], ISBN&amp;amp;#x20;&amp;lt;bdi&amp;gt;978-0-19-975466-3&amp;lt;/bdi&amp;gt;, retrieved 2021-04-13&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;Gettier obtingué la seua llicenciatura (B.A.) en l&#039;Universitat Johns Hopkins en 1949. Posteriorment obtingué el seu doctorat en Filosofia (PhD) en l&#039;Universitat Cornell en 1961 en una tesis titulada «&#039;&#039;Bertrand Russell’s Theories of Belief&#039;&#039;» («&#039;&#039;Les teories de la creència de Bertrand Russell&#039;&#039;»), elaborada baix la direcció de Norman Malcolm.&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&amp;gt; &amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/20123871 &quot;Doctoral Dissertations, 1961&quot;]. &#039;&#039;The Review of Metaphysics&#039;&#039;. &#039;&#039;&#039;15&#039;&#039;&#039; (1): 200. 1961. ISSN&amp;amp;#x20;0034-6632. JSTOR&amp;amp;#x20;20123871.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;Gettier obtingué la seua llicenciatura (B.A.) en l&#039;Universitat Johns Hopkins en &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;l&#039;any [[&lt;/ins&gt;1949&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;]]&lt;/ins&gt;. Posteriorment obtingué el seu doctorat en Filosofia (PhD) en l&#039;Universitat Cornell en 1961 en una tesis titulada «&#039;&#039;Bertrand Russell’s Theories of Belief&#039;&#039;» («&#039;&#039;Les teories de la creència de Bertrand Russell&#039;&#039;»), elaborada baix la direcció de Norman Malcolm.&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&amp;gt; &amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/20123871 &quot;Doctoral Dissertations, 1961&quot;]. &#039;&#039;The Review of Metaphysics&#039;&#039;. &#039;&#039;&#039;15&#039;&#039;&#039; (1): 200. 1961. ISSN&amp;amp;#x20;0034-6632. JSTOR&amp;amp;#x20;20123871.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;Gettier ensenyà filosofia en la Wayne State University des de [[1957]] fins a [[1967]],&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;:0&amp;quot; /&amp;gt; primer com a instructor, despuix com a professor assistent i, finalment, com a professor associat.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;:1&amp;quot;&amp;gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20210421130536/https://www.umass.edu/philosophy/memoriam-edmund-l-gettier-iii-1927%E2%80%932021 &amp;quot;In Memoriam: Edmund L. Gettier III (1927–2021) : Department of Philosophy : UMass Amherst&amp;quot;]. &amp;#039;&amp;#039;www.umass.edu&amp;#039;&amp;#039;. Archived from the original on 2021-04-21.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; Entre els seus colegues del departament de Filosofia en Wayne State es trobaven, entre uns atres, [[Alvin Plantinga]] i [[Héctor-Neri Castañeda]].&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Robert C. Sleigh, Jr. (1988). [https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/bfm:978-94-009-2909-8/1.pdf &amp;quot;KNOWING EDMUND GETTlER&amp;quot;] (PDF). In Austin, David F. (ed.). &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Philosophical Analysis&amp;#039;&amp;#039;. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands. [https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-94-009-2909-8 doi:10.1007/978-94-009-2909-8]. ISBN&amp;amp;#x20;&amp;lt;bdi&amp;gt;978-1-4020-3150-2&amp;lt;/bdi&amp;gt;. S2CID&amp;amp;#x20;38338054.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;Gettier ensenyà filosofia en la Wayne State University des de [[1957]] fins a [[1967]],&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;:0&amp;quot; /&amp;gt; primer com a instructor, despuix com a professor assistent i, finalment, com a professor associat.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;:1&amp;quot;&amp;gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20210421130536/https://www.umass.edu/philosophy/memoriam-edmund-l-gettier-iii-1927%E2%80%932021 &amp;quot;In Memoriam: Edmund L. Gettier III (1927–2021) : Department of Philosophy : UMass Amherst&amp;quot;]. &amp;#039;&amp;#039;www.umass.edu&amp;#039;&amp;#039;. Archived from the original on 2021-04-21.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; Entre els seus colegues del departament de Filosofia en Wayne State es trobaven, entre uns atres, [[Alvin Plantinga]] i [[Héctor-Neri Castañeda]].&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Robert C. Sleigh, Jr. (1988). [https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/bfm:978-94-009-2909-8/1.pdf &amp;quot;KNOWING EDMUND GETTlER&amp;quot;] (PDF). In Austin, David F. (ed.). &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Philosophical Analysis&amp;#039;&amp;#039;. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands. [https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-94-009-2909-8 doi:10.1007/978-94-009-2909-8]. ISBN&amp;amp;#x20;&amp;lt;bdi&amp;gt;978-1-4020-3150-2&amp;lt;/bdi&amp;gt;. S2CID&amp;amp;#x20;38338054.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;

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		<author><name>Jose2</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://www.lenciclopedia.org/w/index.php?title=Edmund_Gettier&amp;diff=496888&amp;oldid=prev</id>
		<title>Valencian en 07:36 8 jul 2026</title>
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				&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;← Revisió anterior&lt;/td&gt;
				&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;Revisió de 07:36 8 jul 2026&lt;/td&gt;
				&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-lineno&quot; id=&quot;mw-diff-left-l6&quot;&gt;Llínea 6:&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-lineno&quot;&gt;Llínea 6:&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;Gettier obtingué la seua llicenciatura (B.A.) en l&amp;#039;Universitat Johns Hopkins en 1949. Posteriorment obtingué el seu doctorat en Filosofia (PhD) en l&amp;#039;Universitat Cornell en 1961 en una tesis titulada «&amp;#039;&amp;#039;Bertrand Russell’s Theories of Belief&amp;#039;&amp;#039;» («&amp;#039;&amp;#039;Les teories de la creència de Bertrand Russell&amp;#039;&amp;#039;»), elaborada baix la direcció de Norman Malcolm.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;:0&amp;quot; /&amp;gt; &amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/20123871 &amp;quot;Doctoral Dissertations, 1961&amp;quot;]. &amp;#039;&amp;#039;The Review of Metaphysics&amp;#039;&amp;#039;. &amp;#039;&amp;#039;&amp;#039;15&amp;#039;&amp;#039;&amp;#039; (1): 200. 1961. ISSN&amp;amp;#x20;0034-6632. JSTOR&amp;amp;#x20;20123871.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;Gettier obtingué la seua llicenciatura (B.A.) en l&amp;#039;Universitat Johns Hopkins en 1949. Posteriorment obtingué el seu doctorat en Filosofia (PhD) en l&amp;#039;Universitat Cornell en 1961 en una tesis titulada «&amp;#039;&amp;#039;Bertrand Russell’s Theories of Belief&amp;#039;&amp;#039;» («&amp;#039;&amp;#039;Les teories de la creència de Bertrand Russell&amp;#039;&amp;#039;»), elaborada baix la direcció de Norman Malcolm.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;:0&amp;quot; /&amp;gt; &amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/20123871 &amp;quot;Doctoral Dissertations, 1961&amp;quot;]. &amp;#039;&amp;#039;The Review of Metaphysics&amp;#039;&amp;#039;. &amp;#039;&amp;#039;&amp;#039;15&amp;#039;&amp;#039;&amp;#039; (1): 200. 1961. ISSN&amp;amp;#x20;0034-6632. JSTOR&amp;amp;#x20;20123871.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;Gettier ensenyà filosofia en la Wayne State University des de 1957 fins a 1967,&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&amp;gt; primer com a instructor, despuix com a professor assistent i, finalment, com a professor associat.&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&amp;gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20210421130536/https://www.umass.edu/philosophy/memoriam-edmund-l-gettier-iii-1927%E2%80%932021 &quot;In Memoriam: Edmund L. Gettier III (1927–2021) : Department of Philosophy : UMass Amherst&quot;]. &#039;&#039;www.umass.edu&#039;&#039;. Archived from the original on 2021-04-21.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; Entre els seus colegues del departament de Filosofia en Wayne State es trobaven, entre uns atres, [[Alvin Plantinga]] i [[Héctor-Neri Castañeda]].&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Robert C. Sleigh, Jr. (1988). [https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/bfm:978-94-009-2909-8/1.pdf &quot;KNOWING EDMUND GETTlER&quot;] (PDF). In Austin, David F. (ed.). &#039;&#039;Philosophical Analysis&#039;&#039;. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands. [https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-94-009-2909-8 doi:10.1007/978-94-009-2909-8]. ISBN&amp;amp;#x20;&amp;lt;bdi&amp;gt;978-1-4020-3150-2&amp;lt;/bdi&amp;gt;. S2CID&amp;amp;#x20;38338054.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;Gettier ensenyà filosofia en la Wayne State University des de &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;[[&lt;/ins&gt;1957&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;]] &lt;/ins&gt;fins a &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;[[&lt;/ins&gt;1967&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;]]&lt;/ins&gt;,&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&amp;gt; primer com a instructor, despuix com a professor assistent i, finalment, com a professor associat.&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&amp;gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20210421130536/https://www.umass.edu/philosophy/memoriam-edmund-l-gettier-iii-1927%E2%80%932021 &quot;In Memoriam: Edmund L. Gettier III (1927–2021) : Department of Philosophy : UMass Amherst&quot;]. &#039;&#039;www.umass.edu&#039;&#039;. Archived from the original on 2021-04-21.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; Entre els seus colegues del departament de Filosofia en Wayne State es trobaven, entre uns atres, [[Alvin Plantinga]] i [[Héctor-Neri Castañeda]].&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Robert C. Sleigh, Jr. (1988). [https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/bfm:978-94-009-2909-8/1.pdf &quot;KNOWING EDMUND GETTlER&quot;] (PDF). In Austin, David F. (ed.). &#039;&#039;Philosophical Analysis&#039;&#039;. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands. [https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-94-009-2909-8 doi:10.1007/978-94-009-2909-8]. ISBN&amp;amp;#x20;&amp;lt;bdi&amp;gt;978-1-4020-3150-2&amp;lt;/bdi&amp;gt;. S2CID&amp;amp;#x20;38338054.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;Durant el curs acadèmic 1964–1965, obtingué una beca posdoctoral Mellon en l&amp;#039;Universitat de Pittsburgh.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;:1&amp;quot; /&amp;gt; La seua àrea d&amp;#039;investigació registrada era «les teories de la creència de [[Bertrand Russell]] i la seua influència en el pensament contemporàneu».&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;[https://digital.library.pitt.edu/islandora/object/pitt:pittpressreleases19640273/viewer#page/2/mode/2up &amp;quot;66 Andrew Mellon Fellowships Awarded At Pitt | Digital Pitt&amp;quot;]. &amp;#039;&amp;#039;digital.library.pitt.edu&amp;#039;&amp;#039;. August 17, 1964. Retrieved 2021-04-18.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; Durant la seua estància en [[Pittsburgh]] conegué al llavors jove [[Bas C. van Fraassen]]&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Fraassen, Bas C. (1988). [https://www.princeton.edu/~fraassen/abstract/ProblemOfOldEvidence.pdf &amp;quot;The Problem of Old Evidence&amp;quot;] (PDF). In Austin, D. S. (ed.). &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Philosophical Analysis: A Defense by Example&amp;#039;&amp;#039;. Philosophical Studies Series. Springer Netherlands. ISBN&amp;amp;#x20;&amp;lt;bdi&amp;gt;978-90-277-2674-2&amp;lt;/bdi&amp;gt;. &amp;lt;q&amp;gt;I met Gettier in Pittsburgh while I was a graduate student there and he a visiting scholar; I immediately envied him his counterexamples, his smile, and the fun he got out of doing philosophy brilliantly.&amp;lt;/q&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; i publicà la primera i única resenya bibliogràfica de la seua carrera, dedicada al llibre &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Philosophical Reasoning&amp;#039;&amp;#039; de [[John Passmore]].&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Gettier, Edmund L. (1965). [https://www.jstor.org/stable/2183277 &amp;quot;Review of Philosophical Reasoning&amp;quot;]. &amp;#039;&amp;#039;The Philosophical Review&amp;#039;&amp;#039;. &amp;#039;&amp;#039;&amp;#039;74&amp;#039;&amp;#039;&amp;#039; (2): 266–269. [https://www.jstor.org/stable/2183277?origin=crossref doi:10.2307/2183277]. ISSN&amp;amp;#x20;0031-8108. [https://www.jstor.org/stable/2183277 JSTOR&amp;amp;#x20;2183277].&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;Durant el curs acadèmic 1964–1965, obtingué una beca posdoctoral Mellon en l&amp;#039;Universitat de Pittsburgh.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;:1&amp;quot; /&amp;gt; La seua àrea d&amp;#039;investigació registrada era «les teories de la creència de [[Bertrand Russell]] i la seua influència en el pensament contemporàneu».&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;[https://digital.library.pitt.edu/islandora/object/pitt:pittpressreleases19640273/viewer#page/2/mode/2up &amp;quot;66 Andrew Mellon Fellowships Awarded At Pitt | Digital Pitt&amp;quot;]. &amp;#039;&amp;#039;digital.library.pitt.edu&amp;#039;&amp;#039;. August 17, 1964. Retrieved 2021-04-18.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; Durant la seua estància en [[Pittsburgh]] conegué al llavors jove [[Bas C. van Fraassen]]&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Fraassen, Bas C. (1988). [https://www.princeton.edu/~fraassen/abstract/ProblemOfOldEvidence.pdf &amp;quot;The Problem of Old Evidence&amp;quot;] (PDF). In Austin, D. S. (ed.). &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Philosophical Analysis: A Defense by Example&amp;#039;&amp;#039;. Philosophical Studies Series. Springer Netherlands. ISBN&amp;amp;#x20;&amp;lt;bdi&amp;gt;978-90-277-2674-2&amp;lt;/bdi&amp;gt;. &amp;lt;q&amp;gt;I met Gettier in Pittsburgh while I was a graduate student there and he a visiting scholar; I immediately envied him his counterexamples, his smile, and the fun he got out of doing philosophy brilliantly.&amp;lt;/q&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; i publicà la primera i única resenya bibliogràfica de la seua carrera, dedicada al llibre &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Philosophical Reasoning&amp;#039;&amp;#039; de [[John Passmore]].&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Gettier, Edmund L. (1965). [https://www.jstor.org/stable/2183277 &amp;quot;Review of Philosophical Reasoning&amp;quot;]. &amp;#039;&amp;#039;The Philosophical Review&amp;#039;&amp;#039;. &amp;#039;&amp;#039;&amp;#039;74&amp;#039;&amp;#039;&amp;#039; (2): 266–269. [https://www.jstor.org/stable/2183277?origin=crossref doi:10.2307/2183277]. ISSN&amp;amp;#x20;0031-8108. [https://www.jstor.org/stable/2183277 JSTOR&amp;amp;#x20;2183277].&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-lineno&quot; id=&quot;mw-diff-left-l12&quot;&gt;Llínea 12:&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-lineno&quot;&gt;Llínea 12:&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;En 1967, Gettier fon incorporat al professorat del departament de Filosofia de l&amp;#039;Universitat de Massachusetts Amherst, a on fon promogut al ranc de professor titular en 1972.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;:1&amp;quot; /&amp;gt; Impartí classes allí fins a la seua jubilació en 2001, despuix de la qual passà a ser professor emèrit.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;:1&amp;quot; /&amp;gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;En 1967, Gettier fon incorporat al professorat del departament de Filosofia de l&amp;#039;Universitat de Massachusetts Amherst, a on fon promogut al ranc de professor titular en 1972.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;:1&amp;quot; /&amp;gt; Impartí classes allí fins a la seua jubilació en 2001, despuix de la qual passà a ser professor emèrit.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;:1&amp;quot; /&amp;gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;Gettier va morir el 23 de març de 2021, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;ab &lt;/del&gt;93 anys.&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&amp;gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;Gettier va morir el &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;[[&lt;/ins&gt;23 de març&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;]] &lt;/ins&gt;de &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;[[&lt;/ins&gt;2021&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;]]&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;en &lt;/ins&gt;93 anys.&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&amp;gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;La fama de Gettier es basa en un artícul d&amp;#039;a penes tres pàgines, publicat en &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Analysis&amp;#039;&amp;#039; en 1963, que seguix sent un dels texts més célebres de l&amp;#039;història recent de la filosofia. En ell, Gettier qüestiona la definició del [[coneiximent]] com a «creència verdadera justificada», una concepció que es remonta al &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Theaetetus&amp;#039;&amp;#039; de [[Plató]], encara que és rebujada al final d&amp;#039;eixe mateix diàlec. Esta concepció era acceptada per la majoria dels filòsofs de l&amp;#039;época, especialment pel [[Epistemologia|epistemòlec]] [[Clarence Irving Lewis]] i el seu alumne [[Roderick Chisholm]]. L&amp;#039;artícul de Gettier presentà contraeixemples a esta teoria per mig de casos en els que els subjectes posseïen creències verdaderes que ademés estaven justificades, pero la veritat de les quals depenia de factors aliens a la justificació que posseïen. No obstant, alguns filòsofs consideraren que la definició del coneiximent com a creència verdadera justificada ya havia segut qüestionada de manera més general per l&amp;#039;obra de [[Ludwig Wittgenstein|Wittgenstein]]. (Posteriorment, també es trobà un argument similar en els escrits de [[Bertrand Russell]]&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Russell, Bertrand (1912). The Problems of Philosophy. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 131f. Citation taken from Kratzer, Angelika (2002). [https://scholarworks.umass.edu/items/270d4253-ad15-4bb4-a243-5d64be606b30 &amp;quot;Facts: Particulars of Information Units?&amp;quot;]. Linguistics and Philosophy. 25 (5–6): 655–670. [https://link.springer.com/article/10.1023/A:1020807615085 doi:10.1023/a:1020807615085]. S2CID 170763145., p. 657.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;).&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;La fama de Gettier es basa en un artícul d&amp;#039;a penes tres pàgines, publicat en &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Analysis&amp;#039;&amp;#039; en 1963, que seguix sent un dels texts més célebres de l&amp;#039;història recent de la filosofia. En ell, Gettier qüestiona la definició del [[coneiximent]] com a «creència verdadera justificada», una concepció que es remonta al &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Theaetetus&amp;#039;&amp;#039; de [[Plató]], encara que és rebujada al final d&amp;#039;eixe mateix diàlec. Esta concepció era acceptada per la majoria dels filòsofs de l&amp;#039;época, especialment pel [[Epistemologia|epistemòlec]] [[Clarence Irving Lewis]] i el seu alumne [[Roderick Chisholm]]. L&amp;#039;artícul de Gettier presentà contraeixemples a esta teoria per mig de casos en els que els subjectes posseïen creències verdaderes que ademés estaven justificades, pero la veritat de les quals depenia de factors aliens a la justificació que posseïen. No obstant, alguns filòsofs consideraren que la definició del coneiximent com a creència verdadera justificada ya havia segut qüestionada de manera més general per l&amp;#039;obra de [[Ludwig Wittgenstein|Wittgenstein]]. (Posteriorment, també es trobà un argument similar en els escrits de [[Bertrand Russell]]&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Russell, Bertrand (1912). The Problems of Philosophy. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 131f. Citation taken from Kratzer, Angelika (2002). [https://scholarworks.umass.edu/items/270d4253-ad15-4bb4-a243-5d64be606b30 &amp;quot;Facts: Particulars of Information Units?&amp;quot;]. Linguistics and Philosophy. 25 (5–6): 655–670. [https://link.springer.com/article/10.1023/A:1020807615085 doi:10.1023/a:1020807615085]. S2CID 170763145., p. 657.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;).&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;

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		<author><name>Valencian</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://www.lenciclopedia.org/w/index.php?title=Edmund_Gettier&amp;diff=496885&amp;oldid=prev</id>
		<title>Jose2 en 07:36 8 jul 2026</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://www.lenciclopedia.org/w/index.php?title=Edmund_Gettier&amp;diff=496885&amp;oldid=prev"/>
		<updated>2026-07-08T07:36:10Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;table style=&quot;background-color: #fff; color: #202122;&quot; data-mw=&quot;interface&quot;&gt;
				&lt;col class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; /&gt;
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				&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;← Revisió anterior&lt;/td&gt;
				&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;Revisió de 07:36 8 jul 2026&lt;/td&gt;
				&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-lineno&quot; id=&quot;mw-diff-left-l1&quot;&gt;Llínea 1:&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-lineno&quot;&gt;Llínea 1:&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&#039;&#039;&#039;Edmund Lee Gettier III&#039;&#039;&#039; ([[31 d&#039;octubre]] de [[1927]]&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;–&lt;/del&gt;[[23 de març]] de [[2021]]) fon un [[filòsof]] [[nortamericà]] de l&#039;Universitat de Massachusetts Amherst. És conegut principalment pel seu artícul de [[1963]], «&#039;&#039;Is Justified True Belief Knowledge?&#039;&#039;»&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;[https://fitelson.org/proseminar/gettier.pdf &quot;Is Justified True Belief Knowledge?&quot;]&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; («&#039;&#039;¿És el coneiximent una creència verdadera justificada?&#039;&#039;»), que generà una extensa lliteratura filosòfica dedicada a respondre a lo que aplegà a conéixer-se com el [[problema de Gettier]].&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&#039;&#039;&#039;Edmund Lee Gettier III&#039;&#039;&#039; ([[31 d&#039;octubre]] de [[1927]] &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;- † &lt;/ins&gt;[[23 de març]] de [[2021]]) fon un [[filòsof]] [[nortamericà]] de l&#039;Universitat de Massachusetts Amherst. És conegut principalment pel seu artícul de [[1963]], «&#039;&#039;Is Justified True Belief Knowledge?&#039;&#039;»&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;[https://fitelson.org/proseminar/gettier.pdf &quot;Is Justified True Belief Knowledge?&quot;]&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; («&#039;&#039;¿És el coneiximent una creència verdadera justificada?&#039;&#039;»), que generà una extensa lliteratura filosòfica dedicada a respondre a lo que aplegà a conéixer-se com el [[problema de Gettier]].&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;== Vida ==&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;== Vida ==&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;

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		<author><name>Jose2</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://www.lenciclopedia.org/w/index.php?title=Edmund_Gettier&amp;diff=496873&amp;oldid=prev</id>
		<title>Valencian en 07:34 8 jul 2026</title>
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		<updated>2026-07-08T07:34:43Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;table style=&quot;background-color: #fff; color: #202122;&quot; data-mw=&quot;interface&quot;&gt;
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				&lt;col class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; /&gt;
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				&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;← Revisió anterior&lt;/td&gt;
				&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;Revisió de 07:34 8 jul 2026&lt;/td&gt;
				&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-lineno&quot; id=&quot;mw-diff-left-l1&quot;&gt;Llínea 1:&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-lineno&quot;&gt;Llínea 1:&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&#039;&#039;&#039;Edmund Lee Gettier III&#039;&#039;&#039; (31 d&#039;octubre de 1927 – 23 de març de 2021) fon un filòsof nortamericà de l&#039;Universitat de Massachusetts Amherst. És conegut principalment pel seu artícul de 1963, «&#039;&#039;Is Justified True Belief Knowledge?&#039;&#039;»&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;[https://fitelson.org/proseminar/gettier.pdf &quot;Is Justified True Belief Knowledge?&quot;]&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; («&#039;&#039;¿És el coneiximent una creència verdadera justificada?&#039;&#039;»), que generà una extensa lliteratura filosòfica dedicada a respondre a lo que aplegà a conéixer-se com el [[problema de Gettier]].&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&#039;&#039;&#039;Edmund Lee Gettier III&#039;&#039;&#039; (&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;[[&lt;/ins&gt;31 d&#039;octubre&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;]] &lt;/ins&gt;de &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;[[&lt;/ins&gt;1927&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;]]&lt;/ins&gt;–&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;[[&lt;/ins&gt;23 de març&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;]] &lt;/ins&gt;de &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;[[&lt;/ins&gt;2021&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;]]&lt;/ins&gt;) fon un &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;[[&lt;/ins&gt;filòsof&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;]] [[&lt;/ins&gt;nortamericà&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;]] &lt;/ins&gt;de l&#039;Universitat de Massachusetts Amherst. És conegut principalment pel seu artícul de &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;[[&lt;/ins&gt;1963&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;]]&lt;/ins&gt;, «&#039;&#039;Is Justified True Belief Knowledge?&#039;&#039;»&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;[https://fitelson.org/proseminar/gettier.pdf &quot;Is Justified True Belief Knowledge?&quot;]&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; («&#039;&#039;¿És el coneiximent una creència verdadera justificada?&#039;&#039;»), que generà una extensa lliteratura filosòfica dedicada a respondre a lo que aplegà a conéixer-se com el [[problema de Gettier]].&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;== Vida ==&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;== Vida ==&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;

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		<author><name>Valencian</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://www.lenciclopedia.org/w/index.php?title=Edmund_Gettier&amp;diff=496838&amp;oldid=prev</id>
		<title>Avenza: Millora de les categories</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://www.lenciclopedia.org/w/index.php?title=Edmund_Gettier&amp;diff=496838&amp;oldid=prev"/>
		<updated>2026-07-08T07:30:48Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Millora de les categories&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;table style=&quot;background-color: #fff; color: #202122;&quot; data-mw=&quot;interface&quot;&gt;
				&lt;col class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; /&gt;
				&lt;col class=&quot;diff-content&quot; /&gt;
				&lt;col class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; /&gt;
				&lt;col class=&quot;diff-content&quot; /&gt;
				&lt;tr class=&quot;diff-title&quot; lang=&quot;vlc&quot;&gt;
				&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;← Revisió anterior&lt;/td&gt;
				&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;Revisió de 07:30 8 jul 2026&lt;/td&gt;
				&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-lineno&quot; id=&quot;mw-diff-left-l56&quot;&gt;Llínea 56:&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-lineno&quot;&gt;Llínea 56:&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;* [https://fitelson.org/proseminar/gettier.pdf Publicació original de Gettier, &amp;quot;Is Justified True Belief Knowledge?&amp;quot;]&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;* [https://fitelson.org/proseminar/gettier.pdf Publicació original de Gettier, &amp;quot;Is Justified True Belief Knowledge?&amp;quot;]&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-side-deleted&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;&lt;/ins&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-side-deleted&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;[[Categoria:Biografies]]&lt;/ins&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-side-deleted&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;[[Categoria:Filòsofs]]&lt;/ins&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-side-deleted&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;[[Categoria:Filòsofs en anglés]]&lt;/ins&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-side-deleted&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;[[Categoria:Filòsofs estatunidencs]]&lt;/ins&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-side-deleted&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;[[Categoria:Estatunidencs]]&lt;/ins&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-side-deleted&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;[[Categoria:Sigle XX]]&lt;/ins&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;

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		<author><name>Avenza</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://www.lenciclopedia.org/w/index.php?title=Edmund_Gettier&amp;diff=496825&amp;oldid=prev</id>
		<title>Avenza: Creació de la pàgina</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://www.lenciclopedia.org/w/index.php?title=Edmund_Gettier&amp;diff=496825&amp;oldid=prev"/>
		<updated>2026-07-08T07:28:53Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Creació de la pàgina&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Pàgina nova&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div&gt;&amp;#039;&amp;#039;&amp;#039;Edmund Lee Gettier III&amp;#039;&amp;#039;&amp;#039; (31 d&amp;#039;octubre de 1927 – 23 de març de 2021) fon un filòsof nortamericà de l&amp;#039;Universitat de Massachusetts Amherst. És conegut principalment pel seu artícul de 1963, «&amp;#039;&amp;#039;Is Justified True Belief Knowledge?&amp;#039;&amp;#039;»&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;[https://fitelson.org/proseminar/gettier.pdf &amp;quot;Is Justified True Belief Knowledge?&amp;quot;]&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; («&amp;#039;&amp;#039;¿És el coneiximent una creència verdadera justificada?&amp;#039;&amp;#039;»), que generà una extensa lliteratura filosòfica dedicada a respondre a lo que aplegà a conéixer-se com el [[problema de Gettier]].&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Vida ==&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;#039;&amp;#039;&amp;#039;Edmund Lee Gettier III&amp;#039;&amp;#039;&amp;#039; naixqué el 31 d&amp;#039;octubre de 1927 en Baltimore, [[Maryland]].&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;:0&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Greco, John (2010), &amp;quot;Gettier, Edmund Lee, III&amp;quot;, &amp;#039;&amp;#039;The Dictionary of Modern American Philosophers&amp;#039;&amp;#039;, Continuum, [https://doi.org/10.1093%2Facref%2F9780199754663.001.0001 doi:10.1093/acref/9780199754663.001.0001], ISBN&amp;amp;#x20;&amp;lt;bdi&amp;gt;978-0-19-975466-3&amp;lt;/bdi&amp;gt;, retrieved 2021-04-13&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Gettier obtingué la seua llicenciatura (B.A.) en l&amp;#039;Universitat Johns Hopkins en 1949. Posteriorment obtingué el seu doctorat en Filosofia (PhD) en l&amp;#039;Universitat Cornell en 1961 en una tesis titulada «&amp;#039;&amp;#039;Bertrand Russell’s Theories of Belief&amp;#039;&amp;#039;» («&amp;#039;&amp;#039;Les teories de la creència de Bertrand Russell&amp;#039;&amp;#039;»), elaborada baix la direcció de Norman Malcolm.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;:0&amp;quot; /&amp;gt; &amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/20123871 &amp;quot;Doctoral Dissertations, 1961&amp;quot;]. &amp;#039;&amp;#039;The Review of Metaphysics&amp;#039;&amp;#039;. &amp;#039;&amp;#039;&amp;#039;15&amp;#039;&amp;#039;&amp;#039; (1): 200. 1961. ISSN&amp;amp;#x20;0034-6632. JSTOR&amp;amp;#x20;20123871.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Gettier ensenyà filosofia en la Wayne State University des de 1957 fins a 1967,&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;:0&amp;quot; /&amp;gt; primer com a instructor, despuix com a professor assistent i, finalment, com a professor associat.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;:1&amp;quot;&amp;gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20210421130536/https://www.umass.edu/philosophy/memoriam-edmund-l-gettier-iii-1927%E2%80%932021 &amp;quot;In Memoriam: Edmund L. Gettier III (1927–2021) : Department of Philosophy : UMass Amherst&amp;quot;]. &amp;#039;&amp;#039;www.umass.edu&amp;#039;&amp;#039;. Archived from the original on 2021-04-21.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; Entre els seus colegues del departament de Filosofia en Wayne State es trobaven, entre uns atres, [[Alvin Plantinga]] i [[Héctor-Neri Castañeda]].&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Robert C. Sleigh, Jr. (1988). [https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/bfm:978-94-009-2909-8/1.pdf &amp;quot;KNOWING EDMUND GETTlER&amp;quot;] (PDF). In Austin, David F. (ed.). &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Philosophical Analysis&amp;#039;&amp;#039;. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands. [https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-94-009-2909-8 doi:10.1007/978-94-009-2909-8]. ISBN&amp;amp;#x20;&amp;lt;bdi&amp;gt;978-1-4020-3150-2&amp;lt;/bdi&amp;gt;. S2CID&amp;amp;#x20;38338054.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Durant el curs acadèmic 1964–1965, obtingué una beca posdoctoral Mellon en l&amp;#039;Universitat de Pittsburgh.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;:1&amp;quot; /&amp;gt; La seua àrea d&amp;#039;investigació registrada era «les teories de la creència de [[Bertrand Russell]] i la seua influència en el pensament contemporàneu».&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;[https://digital.library.pitt.edu/islandora/object/pitt:pittpressreleases19640273/viewer#page/2/mode/2up &amp;quot;66 Andrew Mellon Fellowships Awarded At Pitt | Digital Pitt&amp;quot;]. &amp;#039;&amp;#039;digital.library.pitt.edu&amp;#039;&amp;#039;. August 17, 1964. Retrieved 2021-04-18.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; Durant la seua estància en [[Pittsburgh]] conegué al llavors jove [[Bas C. van Fraassen]]&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Fraassen, Bas C. (1988). [https://www.princeton.edu/~fraassen/abstract/ProblemOfOldEvidence.pdf &amp;quot;The Problem of Old Evidence&amp;quot;] (PDF). In Austin, D. S. (ed.). &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Philosophical Analysis: A Defense by Example&amp;#039;&amp;#039;. Philosophical Studies Series. Springer Netherlands. ISBN&amp;amp;#x20;&amp;lt;bdi&amp;gt;978-90-277-2674-2&amp;lt;/bdi&amp;gt;. &amp;lt;q&amp;gt;I met Gettier in Pittsburgh while I was a graduate student there and he a visiting scholar; I immediately envied him his counterexamples, his smile, and the fun he got out of doing philosophy brilliantly.&amp;lt;/q&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; i publicà la primera i única resenya bibliogràfica de la seua carrera, dedicada al llibre &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Philosophical Reasoning&amp;#039;&amp;#039; de [[John Passmore]].&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Gettier, Edmund L. (1965). [https://www.jstor.org/stable/2183277 &amp;quot;Review of Philosophical Reasoning&amp;quot;]. &amp;#039;&amp;#039;The Philosophical Review&amp;#039;&amp;#039;. &amp;#039;&amp;#039;&amp;#039;74&amp;#039;&amp;#039;&amp;#039; (2): 266–269. [https://www.jstor.org/stable/2183277?origin=crossref doi:10.2307/2183277]. ISSN&amp;amp;#x20;0031-8108. [https://www.jstor.org/stable/2183277 JSTOR&amp;amp;#x20;2183277].&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
En 1967, Gettier fon incorporat al professorat del departament de Filosofia de l&amp;#039;Universitat de Massachusetts Amherst, a on fon promogut al ranc de professor titular en 1972.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;:1&amp;quot; /&amp;gt; Impartí classes allí fins a la seua jubilació en 2001, despuix de la qual passà a ser professor emèrit.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;:1&amp;quot; /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Gettier va morir el 23 de març de 2021, ab 93 anys.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;:1&amp;quot; /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
La fama de Gettier es basa en un artícul d&amp;#039;a penes tres pàgines, publicat en &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Analysis&amp;#039;&amp;#039; en 1963, que seguix sent un dels texts més célebres de l&amp;#039;història recent de la filosofia. En ell, Gettier qüestiona la definició del [[coneiximent]] com a «creència verdadera justificada», una concepció que es remonta al &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Theaetetus&amp;#039;&amp;#039; de [[Plató]], encara que és rebujada al final d&amp;#039;eixe mateix diàlec. Esta concepció era acceptada per la majoria dels filòsofs de l&amp;#039;época, especialment pel [[Epistemologia|epistemòlec]] [[Clarence Irving Lewis]] i el seu alumne [[Roderick Chisholm]]. L&amp;#039;artícul de Gettier presentà contraeixemples a esta teoria per mig de casos en els que els subjectes posseïen creències verdaderes que ademés estaven justificades, pero la veritat de les quals depenia de factors aliens a la justificació que posseïen. No obstant, alguns filòsofs consideraren que la definició del coneiximent com a creència verdadera justificada ya havia segut qüestionada de manera més general per l&amp;#039;obra de [[Ludwig Wittgenstein|Wittgenstein]]. (Posteriorment, també es trobà un argument similar en els escrits de [[Bertrand Russell]]&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Russell, Bertrand (1912). The Problems of Philosophy. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 131f. Citation taken from Kratzer, Angelika (2002). [https://scholarworks.umass.edu/items/270d4253-ad15-4bb4-a243-5d64be606b30 &amp;quot;Facts: Particulars of Information Units?&amp;quot;]. Linguistics and Philosophy. 25 (5–6): 655–670. [https://link.springer.com/article/10.1023/A:1020807615085 doi:10.1023/a:1020807615085]. S2CID 170763145., p. 657.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Obra ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Problema de Gettier ===&lt;br /&gt;
Gettier oferix varis eixemples de creències que són simultàneament verdaderes i justificades, pero que intuitivament no deuríem considerar com a «coneiximent». Els casos d&amp;#039;este tipo es denominen «eixemples (o contraeixemples) de Gettier». Ya que la crítica de Gettier al model de la creència verdadera justificada és de caràcter sistemàtic, alguns dels seus eixemples que posen de manifest els problemes filosòfics carixen de verosimilitut pràctic; per eixemple, un dels escenaris supon que un candidat a una ocupació sap exactament quantes monedes hi ha en la bojaca de l&amp;#039;atre candidat. Per això, atres autors han imaginat contraeixemples més realistes i plausibles. Per eixemple: Estic veent la final masculina de Wimbledon i John McEnroe està jugant contra Jimmy Connors. És punt de partit i McEnroe guanya. Em dic a mi mateix: «John McEnroe és el campeó masculí de Wimbledon d&amp;#039;enguany». Sense que yo ho sàpia, la BBC està experimentant un fallo en la retransmissió i, en realitat, està emetent una gravació de la final de l&amp;#039;any anterior, en la que McEnroe va véncer a Connors. Yo he estat veent la final de Wimbledon de l&amp;#039;any passat, per lo que crec que McEnroe ha derrotat a Connors. No obstant, al mateix temps, en la realitat, McEnroe està repetint la seua victòria de l&amp;#039;any anterior i torna a véncer a Connors. Per tant, la meua creència de que McEnroe derrotà a Connors per a convertir-se en el campeó de Wimbledon d&amp;#039;enguany és verdadera, i tinc bones raons per a creure-ho (la meua creència està justificada). No obstant, existix un sentit en el que realment no podria afirmar que «sabia» que McEnroe havia derrotat a Connors, perque solament vaig encertar per casualitat en creure que havia guanyat; la meua creència no es basava en el tipo adequat de justificació.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Gettier inspirà una gran cantitat de treball per part de filòsofs que intentaven recuperar una definició operativa del coneiximent. Entre les principals respostes s&amp;#039;inclouen:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* L&amp;#039;us que fa Gettier de la «justificació» és massa general, i solament alguns tipos de justificació són vàlits.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* Els eixemples de Gettier no constituïxen justificació en absolut, i solament certs tipos d&amp;#039;evidència tenen valor justificatiu.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* El coneiximent deu incloure una quarta condició, com la «absència de premisses falses» o la «inderectibilitat» (&amp;#039;&amp;#039;indefeasibility&amp;#039;&amp;#039;).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Robert Nozick]] sugerix que el coneiximent deu consistir en una creència verdadera justificada que «seguixca la veritat» (truth-tracking); és dir, una creència tal que, si resultara ser falsa, no seria creguda i, a l&amp;#039;inversa, si fora verdadera, seria creguda.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Colin McGinn]] sosté que el coneiximent és atòmic (no pot dividir-se en components més menuts). Tenim coneiximent quan tenim coneiximent, i una definició adequada del coneiximent podria inclús contindre la pròpia paraula «coneiximent».&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;McGinn, Colin (1984). &amp;quot;The Concept of Knowledge&amp;quot;. Midwest Studies in Philosophy. 9: 529–554. [https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1475-4975.1984.tb00076.x doi:10.1111/j.1475-4975.1984.tb00076.x]. reprinted in McGinn, Colin (1999). Knowledge and Reality: Selected Essays. Oxford: Clarendon Press. pp. 7–35. ISBN 978-0-19-823823-2.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Un estudi de 2001 realisat per Weinberg, Nichols i Stich sugerix que l&amp;#039;efecte del problema de Gettier varia segons la cultura. En particular, les persones dels països occidentals semblen més propenses a estar d&amp;#039;acort en els juïns descrits en l&amp;#039;història que les persones de l&amp;#039;Est d&amp;#039;Àsia.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Weinberg, J.; Nichols, S.; Stich, S. (2001). [https://sites.ualberta.ca/~francisp/Phil488/WeinbergNicholsStichEpistemicIntn01.pdf &amp;quot;Normativity and Epistemic Intuitions&amp;quot;] (PDF). Philosophical Topics. 29 (1): 429–460. [https://doi.org/10.5840%2Fphiltopics2001291%2F217 doi:10.5840/philtopics2001291/217].&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; Estudis posteriors no varen conseguir reproduir estos resultats.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Nagel, Jennifer (2012). [https://philpapers.org/archive/NAGIAE.pdf &amp;quot;Intuitions and Experiments: A Defense of the Case Method in Epistemology&amp;quot;] (PDF). &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Philosophy and Phenomenological Research&amp;#039;&amp;#039;. &amp;#039;&amp;#039;&amp;#039;85&amp;#039;&amp;#039;&amp;#039; (3): 495–527. [https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1933-1592.2012.00634.x doi:10.1111/j.1933-1592.2012.00634.x].&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Segons el filòsof [[Duncan Pritchard]], Gettier escrigué el seu artícul en el propòsit d&amp;#039;obtindre la titularitat acadèmica (&amp;#039;&amp;#039;tenure&amp;#039;&amp;#039;) i tenia poc interés per l&amp;#039;[[epistemologia]]: mai tornà a publicar res més en eixe camp i rebujà assistir a una conferència celebrada en 2013 per l&amp;#039;Universitat d&amp;#039;Edimburc per a commemorar el 50.º aniversari de la publicació del seu influent artícul.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Duncan, Pritchard (2018). &amp;#039;&amp;#039;What is this Thing Called Knowledge, 4th Edition&amp;#039;&amp;#039;. Routledge. p.&amp;amp;#x20;23. ISBN&amp;amp;#x20;&amp;lt;bdi&amp;gt;978-1-138-22579-4&amp;lt;/bdi&amp;gt;.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Obra completa ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20180128081456/http://philosophyfaculty.ucsd.edu:80/faculty/rarneson/Courses/gettierphilreading.pdf &amp;quot;Is Justified True Belief Knowledge?&amp;quot;] Analysis, Vol. 23, pp. 121–123 (1963). [https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fanalys%2F23.6.121 doi:10.1093/analys/23.6.121]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* [https://www.jstor.org/stable/2183277 &amp;lt;nowiki&amp;gt;&amp;quot;Review: [Untitled]&amp;quot;&amp;lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;] The Philosophical Review 74, no. 2 (1965): 266–69 (review of Philosophical Reasoning by John Passmore). [https://www.jstor.org/stable/2183277?origin=crossref https://doi.org/10.2307/2183277]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* [https://archive.org/details/intentionalitymi0000wayn%20k5i8/page/104/mode/1up “Comments on A. J. Ayer’s ‘The Concept of a Person’,”] in [https://archive.org/details/intentionalitymi0000wayn%20k5i8 Intentionality, Minds, and Perception: Discussions on Contemporary Philosophy], ed. Hector-Neri Castañeda (Detroit, 1967).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Vore també ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Filosofia estatunidenca]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Llista de filòsofs estatunidencs]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Referències ==&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;references /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Enllaços externs ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* [https://fitelson.org/proseminar/gettier.pdf Publicació original de Gettier, &amp;quot;Is Justified True Belief Knowledge?&amp;quot;]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Avenza</name></author>
	</entry>
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